Antiatherogenic effects of vitamin E: the search for the Holy Grail

Figures & data

Table 1 Nonantioxidant and regulatory functions of vitamin E

Inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Maintenance of normal endothelial cell function

Decrease in the levels of soluble adhesion molecules

Inhibition of monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion

Inhibition of monocyte release of ROS and inflammatory cytokines

Decrease in the levels of soluble PAI-I

Inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation

Signal transduction regulation and gene expression in different cell pathways

Regulation of enzymes, transcription factors and receptors

Table 2 Summarized results in studies of the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E-coated membrane dialyzers

Authors	Duration	Patient number	Control membrane	Results
Galli^Citation46	3 months	15	Cuprammonium	• ↑ Levels of vitamins E and C
				• ↓ Lipid peroxidosis
				• ↓ ROS and NO synthesis by leukocytes
				• ↓ Apoptosis of monocytes and U937 cells
Mune^Citation47	2 years	25	Cellulose	• ↓ MDA and oxLDL
				• Reduced aorta calcification
				• No effects on plasma vitamin E levels
Girndt^Citation48	4 weeks	21	Hemophane/Polyamide	• ↓ Intradialytic IL-6 production
				• ↑ In vitro peripheral blood T-lymphocyte proliferation
Tarng^Citation49	3–8 weeks	24	Various	• ↓ Oxidative damage of DNA (8-OHdG)
				• ↓ ROS synthesis by leukocytes
				• ↑ Levels of vitamin e
Eiselt^Citation50	3 months	20	Cellulose	• ↓ Intradialytic lipid peroxidation
				• Long term ↓ of TBARS levels
Satoh^Citation51	6 months	18	Cellulose	• Suppression of intradialytic increase in MDA, AGE and 8-OHdG
				• Long term ↓ of MDA, AGE and 8-OHdG
Clermont^Citation52	1 month	16	Polyacrylonitrile	• ↓ Of oxidative stress (↑ levels of vitamin C/stable AFR/vitamin C ratio)
				• ↓ Of intradialytic leukocyte activation
Tsuruoka^Citation53	10 months	10	Hemophane	• Long term ↓ of LDL and peroxides
				• Long term ↓ of leukocytoopenia and intradialytic ↓ of oxLDL and MDA levels
Usberti^Citation54	7 months	10	Various	• ↓ Of MDA-4HNE and oxLDL
				• ↑ Of vitamin E levels
				• ↑ Survival of red blood cells
				• No changes in TAS and thiol levels
Pertosa^Citation55	3 months	8	Cellulose	• Suppression of C5b-9 increase
				• ↓ Of iNOS expression and leukocyte JNK levels
Hara^Citation56	12 months	13	Various	• ↓ Of oxLDL
Betjes^Citation57	8 weeks	14	Hemophane/Polysulfone	• ↓ Monocyte expression of MHC-I, CD54, CD40, CD86 and ICAM-I
				• ↑ Lectin-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation
Morimoto^Citation58	6 months	16	Polysulfone	• Long term ↓ of ADMA, oxLDL and MDA-LDL levels
Baragetti^Citation59	32 weeks	8	Cellulose	• ↓ Of AGE and pentosidine
Libetta^Citation60	12 months	10	Cellulose	• ↓ Production of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by CD4+ monocytes
				• ↓ Production of IL-12 and IL-18 by peripheral blood monocytes
				• ↑ Levels of vitamin E
				• ↓ Plama NO levels

Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoproteins; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NO, nitric oxide; oxLDL, oxidized LDL; IL, interleukin; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; AGE, advanced glycation end-products; AFR, ascorbyl free radicals; MDA-4HNe, malondialdehyde 4-hydroxynonenal; TAS, total antioxidant status; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MHC, major histocombatibility complex; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; IFN-γ, interferon-γ.

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