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Original Articles

Migration, Culture and Identity in Portugal

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Pages 36-49 | Published online: 19 Dec 2008
 

Abstract

Culture and identity are dynamic realities. Therefore, the essentialist view of culture and identity does not explain the process of integration of minorities in a context of acculturation, and leads to policies of ghettoisation. This text focuses on what we describe as cultural transfusion. By means of this process, we analyse two tendencies in personal identity: the first tendency, among professionals, integrates the culture of origin into the emerging cultural identity; the second denies the culture of origin and idealises the target culture as its aim in life. The most representative minorities in Portugal originate from the former colonies, Angola, Cabo Verde, Mozambique, East Timor, Macaw, Brazil and St. Tomé, and the immigrants from Eastern Europe that came to Portugal in the 1980s. We also describe the cultural and ethnic diversity of Portuguese society and show how nationalist ideology, imperialist ideals and the ‘Luso-tropical’ theory of Gilberto Freyre shaped the ‘soft-racism’ of the Portuguese. Furthermore, we give account of the recent trends of migration from Eastern Europe to Portugal, and try to explain Portuguese policy towards immigration after joining the European Union.

A cultura e a identidade são realidades dinâmicas. Portanto, a perspectiva essencialista da cultura e da identidade não explicam o processo de integração das minorias em contexto de aculturação e acabam por conduzir a políticas de guetização. O presente texto centra-se no que designamos por transfusão cultural. Por meio deste processo analisamos duas tendências na identidade pessoal: a primeira, entre profissionais, integra a cultura de origem na identidade cultural emergente; a segunda, nega a cultura de origem e idealiza a cultura alvo como objectivo de vida. As minorias mais representativas em Portugal são originárias das ex-colónias: Angola, Cabo-Verde, Moçambique, Timor-Leste (Lorosae), Macau, Brasil, São Tomé e Príncipe e imigrantes da Europa de Leste que começaram a chegar a Portugal nos anos 80. Descrevemos também a diversidade étnica e cultural da sociedade portuguesa, procurando mostrar de que forma a ideologia nacionalista, os ideais imperialistas e a teoria ‘luso-tropical’ de Gilberto Freyre, moldaram o ‘racismo suave’ dos portugueses. Finalmente, referimos as tendências recentes da imigração da Europa oriental para Portugal e tentamos explicar a política portuguesa de imigração, depois da adesão à União Europeia.

Notes

1. All the names of the immigrants have been changed.

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