Coping with Pain: Polish Versions of the Pain Coping Questionnaire for Both Children and Parents

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants.

Variable		Children						Parents (mothers)
		N	%	M	SD	Min.	Max.	N	%	M	SD	Min.	Max
Sex	Female	110	50.0	–	–	–	–	220	100.0	–	–	–	–
	Male	110	50.0					0	0.0
Age				13.94	1.97	11.00	17.00			41.53	4.99	32.00	59.00
Place of residence	Village	98	44.5	–	–	–	–	106	48.2	–	–	–	–
	City	122	55.5					114	51.8
Financial situation	(Very) good	114	51.8	–	–	–	–	107	48.6	–	–	–	–
	Satisfactory	97	44.1					98	44.5
	Insufficient	9	4.1					15	6.8
Education	Vocational education	–	–	–	–	–	–	43	19.5	–	–	–	–
	Secondary education							66	30.0
	Higher education							111	50.5
Pain intensity – NRS		–	–	5.78	0.97	4	8	–	–	–	–	–	–
Number of days of hospitalization		–	–	3.46	3.11	1	22	–	–	–	–	–	–
Number of children in the family	1	26	11.8	–	–	–	–	23	10.5	–	–	–	–
	2	111	50.5					128	58.2
	3	68	30.9					65	29.5
	4	15	6.8					4	1.8
Location of pain^†	After injury/surgery	220	100.0	–	–	–	–	220	100.0	–	–	–	–
	Arthralgia	139	63.2					138	62.7
	Muscle pain	117	53.2					92	41.8
	Abdominal pain	45	20.5					53	24.1
	Headache	14	6.4					25	11.4
	Back pain	13	5.9					13	5.9
	Earache	0	0					18	8.2

† The results do not add up to 100%, as the respondents could select several answers.

M: The arithmetic mean; Max: Maximum; Min Minimum; N: Number of participate; NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2. Load sizes of individual questions in relation to the proposed components (factors).

Question number	Children					Parents (mothers)
	Component (factor)			M	SD	Component (factor)			M	SD
	Task-focused style	Avoidance-focused style	Emotion-focused style			Task-focused style	Avoidance-focused style	Emotion-focused style
Q1	0.696			3.58	0.95	0.494			3.56	0.95
Q2	0.556			3.58	0.97	0.309			3.66	0.89
Q3	0.777			3.02	1.00	0.644			2.92	1.12
Q9	0.661			3.50	1.07	0.657			3.28	1.23
Q 10	0.723			3.58	0.99	0.581			3.54	0.91
Q11	0.765			3.54	0.99	0.628			3.62	0.78
Q17	0.724			3.16	1.15	0.687			3.26	1.12
Q18	0.540			3.24	1.22	0.514			3.58	0.84
Q19	0.762			3.34	0.96	0.615			3.10	1.27
Q25	0.705			3.02	1.10	0.594			3.48	0.97
Q26	0.684			3.50	1.09	0.672			3.46	0.79
Q27	0.470			3.62	0.90	0.409			3.74	0.90
Q33	0.474			3.18	1.10	0.608			3.18	1.12
Q34	0.664			2.68	1.11	0.588			2.60	1.09
Q4		0.439		3.02	1.17		0.447		2.64	1.08
Q5		0.522		2.22	1.00		0.102		2.02	1.00
Q6		0.636		2.14	0.99		0.477		2.10	0.97
Q12		0.564		3.04	1.07		0.526		2.70	1.18
Q13		0.693		2.28	1.13		0.705		2.12	0.90
Q14		0.577		2.52	1.05		0.560		2.06	0.96
Q20		0.595		3.00	0.95		0.763		2.72	1.14
Q21		0.702		3.10	1.05		0.652		2.98	1.08
Q22		0.621		2.98	1.04		0.587		2.92	1.07
Q28		0.661		3.38	1.05		0.659		3.16	1.06
Q29		0.552		2.24	1.02		0.669		2.38	1.05
Q30		0.621		2.40	1.12		0.702		2.12	1.00
Q35		0.706		3.06	0.93		0.571		2.74	1.01
Q36		0.640		3.30	1.05		0.413		3.14	0.93
Q37		0.653		2.76	1.19		0.747		2.12	0.90
Q7			0.760	1.94	1.11			0.673	2.54	1.28
Q8			0.449	2.88	1.26			0.632	1.92	0.97
Q15			0.764	2.02	1.00			0.772	2.26	1.21
Q16			0.608	2.66	1.14			0.572	3.30	1.04
Q23			0.649	1.70	1.04			0.747	1.82	1.10
Q24			0.703	2.34	1.15			0.665	2.40	1.12
Q31			0.617	1.44	0.79			0.779	1.50	0.91
Q32			0.661	2.52	1.33			0.729	2.30	1.25
Q38			0.572	1.62	1.14			0.550	1.62	0.95
Q39			0.428	3.14	1.32			0.520	2.98	1.15

Bold text indicates the load sizes of individual questions in relation to the proposed components (factors).

M: The arithmetic mean; Q: Question; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 3. Comparison of results of individual questionnaires for mothers and children.

Factor	Group	Min	Max	Me	SD	t-test
Task-focused style	Child	1.29	4.50	3.36	0.70	t = -0.24
	Mother	2.29	4.86	3.32	0.60
Avoidance-focused style	Child	1.07	4.50	2.86	0.66	t = 1.82
	Mother	1.21	4.07	2.57	0.64
Emotion-focused style	Child	1.00	3.90	2.10	0.72	t = -0.26
	Mother	1.10	4.10	2.10	0.76

None of the t-test values were statistically significant.

Max: Maximum; Me: Median (middle value); Min: Minimum; SD: Standard deviation; t: Statistics of the Student’s t-test.

Table 4. Correlations between separate factors among mothers and children.

Factors	Group	Task-focused style		Avoidance-focused style
		r	p-value	r	p-value
Avoidance-focused style	Child	0.184	ns	–	–
	Mother	0.038	ns	–	–
Emotion-focused style	Child	0.112	ns	‐0.097	ns
	Mother	0.318	*	‐0.316	*

Three levels of statistical significance were adopted: ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

N: Number of participants; ns: Not significant; r: Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Table 5. Correlations between factors and children’s feelings and general aspects of coping with pain, and children’s attitudes toward individual pain-related statements of children and parents (mothers).

Factors/coping with pain	Children						Parents (mothers)
	Task-focused style		Avoidance-focused style		Emotion-focused style		Task-focused style		Avoidance-focused style		Emotion-focused style
	rho	p-value	rho	p-value	rho	p-value	r	p-value	r	p-value	r	p-value
How the does child feel in situations of injury and/or pain?
Overall indicator of feelings	0.393	**	‐0.289	*	0.492	***	0.080	ns	‐0.137	ns	0.408	**
Dealing with pain
Pain controllability	0.332	*	0.086	ns	‐0.276	ns	‐0.157	ns	0.281	*	0.044	ns
Pain distress controllability	0.360	*	‐0.359	*	0.356	*	0.235	ns	‐0.328	*	0.172	ns
Changing moods or feelings	0.112	ns	0.204	ns	‐0.133	ns	0.200	ns	0.267	ns	0.025	ns
Reflecting on hurt or pain
Overall pain coping index	‐0.068	ns	0.248	ns	‐0.314	*	‐0.006	ns	‐0.026	ns	‐0.305	*

Three levels of statistical significance were adopted: ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

ns: Not significant; rho: Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient.