Dietary strategies to maintain adequacy of circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations

Figures & data

Table I. Vitamin D intakes (μg/d) in adults from selected national nutrition surveys and cohort studies.

Reference	Country	Survey	Year	Sex	Age group (y)	n	Mean (SD) (μg)	Median (IQR) (μg)	Sources	National fortification policy
Bailey et al. 2010 [8]	USA	NHANES	2003–2006	Men	19–30	549	6.6 (9.4) 5.1 (7.0)	NR NR	All Food	Milk, mandatory; other foods voluntary
					31–50	758	7.9 (8.3) 5.4 (8.3)	NR NR	All Food
					51–70	614	8.8 (9.9) 5.1 (7.4)	NR NR	All Food
					>–71	368	10.7 (13.4) 5.6 (7.7)	NR NR	All Food
				Women	19–30	481	5.8 (6.6) 3.6 (6.6)	NR NR	All Food
					31–50	693	7.7 (13.2) 4.4 (7.9)	NR NR	All Food
					51–70	610	10.1 (24.7) 3.9 (9.9)	NR NR	All Food
					>–71	332	10.0 (9.1) 4.5 (3.6)	NR NR	All Food
Fulgoni et al. 2011[9]	USA	NHANES	2003–2006	Both	>–19	8860	8.1 (18.9)	5.8 (3.1, 12.1)	All	Milk, mandatory; other foods voluntary
				Both	>–19		4.5 (9.4)	3.9 (2.5, 5.8)	Food
				Both	>–19		2.0 (3.8)	1.8 (1.2, 2.6)	Base diet
Vatanparast et al. 2010 [10]	Canada	CCHS 2.2	2004	Men	19–50	4650	5.8 (13.6)	5.7 (4.0, 7.8)	Food	Milk and margarine mandatory
					51–70	2730	7.0 (20.9)	5.6 (3.7, 8.3)	Food
					>–70	1605	6.7 (16.0)	5.3 (3.9, 8.0)	Food
				Women	19–50	5018	5.1 (14.2)	3.5 (1.7, 6.0)	Food
					51–70	3412	5.1 (17.5)	4.5 (3.2, 6.6)	Food
					>–70	2777	6.1 (36.9)	4.4 (3.2, 6.4)	Food
Whitton et al. 2011 [12]	UK	NDNS	2008–09	Men	19–64	181	NR	2.8 (1.9–3.6)	Food	Margarine mandatory; other foods voluntary
				Women	19–64	253	NR	2.3 (1.3–3.4)	Food
Dept of Health 2011 [11]	UK	NDNS	2008/9–‘09/10	Men	19–64	346	3.7 (3.3) 3.1 (2.3)	2.8 2.5	All Food
					>–65	96	5.0 (4.0) 3.9 (2.9)	3.9 3.2	All Food
				Women	19–64	461	3.7 (3.1) 2.6 (1.9)	2.6 2.1	All Food
					>–65	128	4.5 (3.8) 2.9 (1.7)	3.1 2.4	All Food
Hill et al. 2004 [13]	Ireland	NSIFCS	1997–1999	Men	18–64	662	4.4 (3.5)	3.3 (NR)	All	Margarine mandatory; other foods voluntary
				Men	18–64	662	3.7 (2.2)	3.1 (NR)	Food
				Women	18–64	717	4.0 (3.8)	2.6 (NR)	All
				Women	18–64	717	2.8 (1.9)	2.3 (NR)	Food
Jenab et al. 2009 [18]	Europe	EPIC	1995–2000	Men	35–74	13025	5.5 (11.4)	NR	Food	Various
	(10 countries)			Women	35–74	23009	3.6 (NR)	NR	Food
	South			Men	35–74	4530	4.2 (6.7)	NR	Food
				Women	35–74	7372	2.6 (8.6)	NR	Food
	Central			Men	35–74	3807	4.7 (6.2)	NR	Food
				Women	35–74	8561	3.4 (9.3)	NR	Food
	North			Men	35–74	4688	7.4 (6.8)	NR	Food
				Women	35–74	7076	5.0 (8.4)	NR	Food

SD, Standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; NR, not reported; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CCHS, Canadian Community Health Survey; NDNS, National Diet and Nutrition Survey; NSIFCS, North-South Ireland Food Consumption Survey, Epic, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

Table II. Vitamin D intakes (μg/d) in children and adolescents from national nutrition surveys.

Reference	Country	Survey	Year	Sex	Age group (y)	n	Mean (SD) (μg)	Median (IQR) (μg)	Sources	National fortification policy
Bailey et al. 2010 [8]	USA	NHANES	2003–2006	Boys	4–8	431	9.3 (8.3) 6.4 (6.2)	NR NR	All Food	Milk, mandatory; other foods voluntary
				Boys	9–13	522	7.5 (16.0) 5.7 (4.6)	NR NR	All Food
				Boys	14–18	654	6.9 (12.8) 6.1 (10.2)	NR NR	All Food
				Girls	4–8	468	7.9 (13.0) 5.5 (6.5)	NR NR	All Food
				Girls	9–13	525	7.7 (22.9) 5.3 (13.7)	NR NR	All Food
				Girls	14–18	643	5.0 (12.7) 3.8 (5.1)	NR NR	All Food
Fulgoni et al. 2011 [9]	USA	NHANES	2003–2006	Both	2–18	7250	8.3 (25.5) 6.1 (8.5) 1.7 (3.4)	6.3 (3.9, 0.5) 5.4 (3.5, 7.9) 1.5 (1.0, 2.1)	All Food Base diet	Milk, mandatory; other foods voluntary
Vatanparast et al. 2010 [10]	Canada	CCHS 2.2	2004	Both	1–8	5655	6.2 (7.5)	5.6 (4.1, 7.5)	Food	Milk and margarine mandatory
				Boys	9–18	4536	7.3 (6.7)	6.9 (4.9, 9.4)	Food
				Girls	9–18	4406	5.4 (6.6)	5.0 (3.7, 6.8)	Food
Dept of Health 2011[11]	UK	NDNS	2008/9–2009/10	Boys	4–10	210	2.7 (2.1) 1.9 (0.9)	2.2 1.8	All Food	Margarine mandatory; other foods voluntary
					11–18	238	2.5 (1.5) 2.4 (1.3)	2.2 2.1	All Food
				Girls	4–10	213	2.4 (1.7)	2.0	All
					11–18	215	1.9 (1.0) 2.2 (1.8) 1.9 (1.2)	1.8 1.7 1.6	Food All Food
Whitton et al. 2011 [12]	UK	NDNS	2008–09	Boys	4–10	119	NR	1.8 (1.2–2.5)	Food
					11–18	114	NR	2.0 (1.3–2.9)	Food
				Girls	4–10	119	NR	1.9 (1.3, 2.4)	Food
					11–18	110	NR	1.8 (1.3–2.4)	Food
Verkaik-Kloosterman et al. 2011 [21]	Netherlands	DNFCS young children	2005–06	Both	2–3	640	4.4 1.8	3.8 (2.1, 6.3) 1.8 (1.4, 2.2)	All Food	Voluntary
					4–6	639	2.7 2.0	2.3 (1.7, 3.2) 2.0 (1.5, 2.4)	All Food
Elmadfa et al. 2009 [20]	Europe	ENHR	2009	Boys	4–6	2541	1.8–5.8	NR	Mixed	Various
				Girls	4–6	2295	1.5–6.5	NR	Mixed
				Boys	7–9	2736	1.5–6.4	NR	Mixed
				Girls	7–9	2597	1.5–5.1	NR	Mixed
				Boys	10–14	4069	1.5–4.8	NR	Mixed
				Girls	10–14	4056	1.2–4.5	NR	Mixed
CSIRO 2008 [24]	Australia	Children's Survey	2007	Boys	4–8	NR	3.0	NR	Food	Margarine and fat spreads mandatory; dairy, voluntary
				Boys	9–13	NR	3.4	NR	Food
				Boys	14–16	NR	4.0	NR	Food
				Girls	4–8	NR	2.7	NR	Food
				Girls	9–13	NR	2.7	NR	Food
				Girls	14–16	NR	2.8	NR	Food
Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance [25]	Ireland	NCFS	2003–2004	Boys	5–12	293	2.2 (2.2) 1.4 (1.1)	1.4 1.1	All Food	Milk, mandatory; other foods voluntary
				Girls	5–12	301	2.3 (2.3) 1.6 (1.2)	1.5 1.2	All Food
Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance [26]	Ireland	NTFS	2005–2006	Boys	13–17	224	3.0 (2.6) 2.4 (1.9)	2 1.9	All Food	Milk, mandatory; other foods voluntary
				Girls	13–17	217	2.3 (2.2) 1.8 (1.6)	1.6 1.3	All Food

SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; NR, not reported; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CCHS, Canadian Community Health Survey; NDNS, National Diet and Nutrition Survey; DNFCS, Dutch National Food Consumption Survey; ENHR, European Nutrition and Health Report 2009; Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey; NCFS, National Children's Food Survey; NTFS, National Teens’ Food Survey.

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