Safety assessment and therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous microwave ablation therapy combined with percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to the gallbladder

Figures & data

Table 1. Patient population and tumour characteristics.

Variable
Age (years)	57.2 ± 14.1 (range 30–86)
Gender
Male	107
Female	29
Type of hepatitis
HBV	107
HCV	11
HBV and HCV	4
None	14
Tumour length (cm)	2.77 ± 1.5
Distance to the gallbladder
<0.5 cm	77
0.5–1.0 cm	61
Tumour location
S4	45
S5	48
S8	28
Other segment	6
Two segments	11
Child–Pugh classification
A	74
B	60
C	2
Type of histology	43
Well differentiated	6
Moderately differentiated	18
Poorly differentiated	1
Not for advanced classification	8
Previous therapy
TACE	19
RF ablation	15
Liver operation	4

HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation; RF, radiofrequency.

Table 2. Characteristics of the incompletely treated patients after two sessions of ablation.

No.	Location	Diameter (cm)	Distances: proximity to gallbladder (cm)	Additional treatment
1	S5	2.1	0.5	PEI + Liver resection
2	S4+ S5	1.8	0.3	PEI
3	S4	3.6	0.3	PEI + Liver resection
4	S8	2.4	0.7	PEI + Liver transplantation
5	S5	2.5	0.6	PEI + TACE
6	S5+ S8	1.2	0.9	PEI

PEI, percutaneous ethanol injection; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

Table 3. Characteristics of local tumour progression.

No.	Location	Diameter (cm)	Distances: proximity to gallbladder (cm)	Additional Treatment
1	S4	2.7	0.7	PEI
2	S8	2.1	0.3	PEI
3	S4	1.8	0.2	Liver resection
4	S5	3.5	0.6	TACE
5	S5	1.9	0.3	PEI

PEI, percutaneous ethanol injection; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

Table 4. Ablation complications.

Complications	Data
Pain (grade 3)	8
Pain (grade 1–2)	21
Fever	27
Nausea	63
Right side pleural effusion	7