Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatic malignancy adjacent to the gallbladder

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of clinical data in the study and control groups.

	Study group (n = 49)	Control group (n = 106)	p Value
Age (mean ± SD, years)	59.1 ± 10.2	57.6 ± 12.1	0.45
Sex
Male	31	71	0.65
Female	18	35
Child class
A	37	88	0.27
B	12	18
Distance from gallbladder (mean ± SD, mm)	2.65 ± 1.13	24.07 ± 9.52	0.01
Months of follow-up (mean ± SD, months)	12.5 ± 10.3	13.1 ± 9.8	0.27
Tumour
HCC	33	71	0.62
Metastasis	18	46

Figure 1. The MW antenna (long arrow) was placed into the tumour and thermal monitoring needle (short arrow) was placed into the tumour margin proximal to the gallbladder (GB) for real-time temperature monitoring during the MW ablation.

Figure 2. The curves of temperature monitoring during MW ablation for a tumour adjacent to the gallbladder. The temperature of marginal tumour tissue adjacent to the gallbladder was monitored and controlled to fluctuating between 45 and 54 °C during the whole treatment procedure.

Figure 3. A 68-year-old man treated with MW ablation for HCC adjacent to the gallbladder. (A) Before ablation the tumour (arrowhead) is seen in MRI scans. (B) Six months after ablation, the ablation zone (arrowhead) has no arterial enhancing in CT scans (left) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (right). (C) MRI scans (left) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (right) from 1-year follow up show the ablation zone (arrowhead) had no local tumour progression.

Table 2. Comparison of therapeutic data in the study and control groups.

	Study group (n = 51)	Control group (n = 117)	p Value
Diameter of tumours (mean ± SD, mm)	28.3 ± 11.2	30.2 ± 10.7	0.30
Number of sessions (mean ± SD)	1.3 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.3	0.08
Total treatment duration (mean ± SD, s)	968 ± 223	597 ± 342	0.00

Table 3. Complications after MW ablation between the study group and control groups.

	Group
Complications	Study group (n = 49)	Control group (n = 106)	p Value
Major complication	0	0
Minor complications and side effects
Fever	6 (12.2%)	3 (2.8%)	0.02
Abdominal pain	10 (20.4%)	4 (3.8%)	0.00
Pleural effusion	3 (6.1%)	5 (4.7%)	0.98
Nausea and vomiting	7 (14.3%)	2(1.9%)	0.01

Table 4. Comparison of the maximum diameter and number of sessions in the completely ablated lesions and local tumour progression lesions.

	Completely ablated lesions (n = 143)	Local tumour progression lesions (n = 25)	p Value
Maximum diameter (mean ± SD, mm)	26.3 ± 11.5	29.8 ± 10.7	0.16
Number of sessions (mean ± SD)	1.1 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.3	1.00