PSA testing without clinical indication for prostate cancer in relation to socio-demographic and clinical characteristics in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study

Figures & data

Table I. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics by PSA testing status among 1051 men with prostate cancer in the Diet Cancer and Health Study.

Characteristics	PSA testing without clinical indication n = 170 (16%)	PSA testing with clinical indication n = 714 (68%)	Indication for PSA testing unknown n = 167 (16%)
Age at diagnosis (years)
Mean	67.1	66.5	67.5
Range	53.6–77.6	52.0–79.6	55.5–78.2
Education [n (%)]
Basic or high-school	26 (15)	163 (23)	44 (26)
Vocational training	90 (53)	323 (45)	72 (43)
Higher	54 (32)	228 (32)	51 (31)
Marital status [n (%)]
Married/registered partner	138 (81)	573 (80)	132 (79)
Divorced/widowed	25 (15)	113 (16)	29 (17)
Never married	6 (4)	28 (4)	6 (4)
Missing data	1 (1)	0	0
Disease stage TNM [n (%)]
Localized	116 (68)	367 (51)	79 (47)
Advanced	34 (20)	188 (26)	42 (25)
Missing data	20 (12)	159 (22)	46 (28)
Cancer type [n (%)]
Non-aggressive	52 (31)	261 (37)	36 (22)
Aggressive	113 (66)	432 (61)	96 (58)
Missing data	5 (3)	21 (3)	35 (21)
Treatment [n (%)]
Active surveillance	29 (17)	133 (19)	22 (13)
Curative treatment Surgery Radiation Cryotherapy Missing data	108 (64) 72 (42) 37 (22) 0 61 (36)	314 (44) 238 (33) 77 (11) 2 (0) 397 (56)	61 (37) 34 (20) 25 (15) 1 (0) 107 (64)
Palliative care	29 (17)	244 (34)	52 (31)
Unknown/missing data	26 (15)	23 (3)	32 (19)
Mortality [n (%)]
Prostate cancer-specific	14 (8)	165 (23)	32 (19)
Other	16 (9)	86 (12)	24 (14)

Table II. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PSA testing without clinical indication among men with prostate cancer in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health Study.

Characteristic	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age at diagnosis (years) (n = 883)
≤ 67 > 67	Reference 0.7 (0.5–1.0)	Reference 0.7(0.5–1.0)*
Education (n = 883)
Basic or high school	Reference	Reference
Vocational training	1.7 (1.1–2.8)	1.8 (1.1–2.9)^†
Higher	1.5 (0.9–2.5)	1.5 (0.9–2.5)^†
Marital status (n = 883)
Married/registered partner	Reference	Reference
Divorced/widowed	0.9 (0.6–1.5)	1.0 (0.4–2.6)^‡
Never married	0.9 (0.4–2.2)	1.0 (0.4–2.5)^‡
Disease stage TNM (n = 704)
Localized	Reference	Reference
Advanced	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.6 (0.4–0.9)^§
Cancer type (n = 883) Non-aggressive	Reference	Reference
Aggressive	1.3 (0.9–1.8)	1.2 (0.8–1.7)^§
Treatment (n = 864)
Active surveillance	Reference	Reference
Curative treatment	1.6 (1.0–2.5)	1.8 (1.1–2.9)^§
Palliative care	0.5 (0.3–0.9)	0.6 (0.3–1.0)^§

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

*Adjusted for marital status and education; ^†Adjusted for age at diagnosis and marital status; ^‡Adjusted for age at diagnosis and education; ^§Adjusted age at diagnosis, marital status and education.