Costs in different states of prostate cancer

Figures & data

Table I. Patient characteristics.

	Primary	Rehabilitation	Remission	Metastatic	All patients
Respondents (%)	47	158	317	89	611
Age, mean (SD)	68.5 (8.09)	68.3 (8.2)	69.1 (7.8)	71.4 (7.9)	69.2 (8.1)
Higher education, (%)	28 (59.6)	52 (32.9)	173 (54.6)	48 (53.9)	301 (49.2)
Married/cohabiting, (%)	38 (80.9)	80 (50.6)	256 (80.8)	69 (77.5)	443 (72.5)
Work status; n (%*)
Employed, (%)	10 (21.3)	24 (27.0)	59 (19.0)	9 (10.5)	102 (16.7)
Retired, (%)	37 (78.7)	65 (73.0)	251 (80.7)	77 (89.5)	430 (70.4)
Old age pension	34 (72.3)	54 (60.7)	216 (69.5)	63 (73.3)	367 (60.1)
Disability pension (cancer)	2 (4.3)	4 (4.5)	7 (2.3)	5 (5.8)	18 (2.9)
Disability pension (other reason)	3 (3.4)	19 (6.1)	6 (7.0)	28 (4.6)
Unemployed/not working, (%)	1 (2.1)	4 (4.5)	9 (2.9)	3 (3.5)	17 (2.8)
Treatments, within last 3 months
Radiotherapy, (%)	0 (0.0)	3 (1.9)	2 (0.6)	10 (11.2)	15 (2.5)
Antiandrogene therapy, (%)	0 (0.0)	7 (4.4)	16 (5.0)	19 (21.3)	42 (6.9)
Zometa, (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	17 (19.1)	17 (2.8)
LHRH-analog., (%)	1 (2.1)	25 (15.8)	25 (7.9)	64 (71.9)	115 (18.8)
Chemotherapy, (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (0.9)	36 (40.4)	39 (6.4)

*Calculated from those who answered on work status question.

Table II. Direct healthcare costs (€).

Cost item	Primary	Rehabilitation	Remission	Metastatic
Specialist Care	2162	539	251	2,661
(95% CI)	(1418–2906)	(345–734)	(165–336)	(2105–3217)
Primary Health Care	421	195	200	175
(95% CI)	(–80–921)	(55–355)	(104–295)	(115–234)
Private Health Care	36	42	18	−29
(95% CI)	(−21–93)	(−17–102)	(−18–55)	(−54–−5)
Medication	141	307	304	4,354
(95% CI)	(−5–287)	(76–537)	(99–509)	(3481–5228)
Travelling	−10	59	−12	263
(95% CI)	(−66–46)	(−21–139)	(−29–4)	(117–409)
Total Healthcare costs	2750	1143	760	7423
(95% CI)	(1853–3647)	(777–1508)	(479–1041)	(6199–8647)

Negative value means less resource usage compared to non-Pca control group (private health care and travelling costs).

All costs are for 6-month period.

Table III. Productivity losses.

	Days absent from work due to sick leave (95% CI)		Days absent from work due to early retirement (95% CI)		Total days absent from work due to PCa
Primary	0.5	(0.47–1.29)	7.7	(−3.16–18.65)	8.20
Rehabilitation	0.8	(0.78–1.76)	4.6	(0.10–9.11)	5.40
Remission			4	(1.06–7.00)	4.00
Metastatic	3.9	(3.89–8.06)	8.6	(0.20–16.93)	12.50

	Productivity loss due to sick leave (95% CI)		Productivity loss due to early retirement (95% CI)		Total value of productivity loss
Primary	107	(101–276)	1759	(−722–4260)	1866
Rehabilitation	171	(167–377)	727	(16–1430)	898
Remission			786	(208–1375)	786
Metastatic	834	(832–1725)	3443	(80–6779)	4278

Table IV. Informal care.

	N	Mean number of hours of informal care per week	Cost of informal care (6 months)	(95% CI)
Primary	47	1.2	589	(−506–1684)
Rehabilitation	158	0.5	242	(−68–553)
Remission	317	1.1	540	(−217–1299)
Metastatic	89	6.5	3180	(110–6250)

Table V. Multivariate analysis of cost drivers with the natural logarithm of total costs as the dependent variable.

	Primary treatments		Remission/Rehabilitation		Metastatic
Variable	Coefficient	p-Value	Coefficient	p-Value	Coefficient	p-Value
	R^2 = 0.273		R^2 = 0.151		R^2 = 0.089
(Constant)	9.050		8.555		9.737
Characteristics
Age, years	−0.130	0.551	−0.089	0.071	−0.071	0.586
Cohabiting	0.155	0.305	−0.047	0.307	−0.308	0.015
Higher education	0.443	0.012*	−0.019	0.686	0.058	0.645
QLQ-C30 Symptom scales
Global health	0.326	0.225	−0.030	0.645	−0.129	0.473
Physical functioning	0.021	0.951	−0.210	0.003*	−0.105	0.640
Role functioning	−0.431	0.136	−0.014	0.851	0.073	0.770
Emotional functioning	0.469	0.012*	0.117	0.074	0.123	0.566
Cognitive functioning	−0.406	0.115	−0.013	0.831	0.147	0.424
Social functioning	−0.183	0.256	−0.019	0.747	−0.253	0.158
QLQ-C30 Functionality scales
Fatigue	−0.041	0.882	−0.016	0.801	−0.103	0.562
Nausea/vomiting	−0.113	0.547	0.274	0.000*	−0.045	0.750
Pain	0.448	0.062	−0.055	0.302	0.139	0.381
Dyspnoea	0.095	0.685	−0.032	0.534	0.214	0.164
Insomnia	−0.239	0.372	0.026	0.622	−0.089	0.484
Apetite loss	−0.043	0.848	0.067	0.199	0.173	0.270
Constipation	−0.072	0.650	−0.027	0.558	0.195	0.145
Diarrhoea	−0.056	0.698	0.040	0.373	0.168	0.199
Financial difficulties	0.227	0.209	0.107	0.034*	−0.041	0.748

R² = Adjusted R².

* = p-value < 0.05.