Diagnosis and treatment of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumours: State of the art

Figures & data

Table I. Summary of diagnostic criteria of BP-NET (the 2015 WHO classification) [3].

	Typical carcinoid (TC)	Atypical carcinoid (AC)	Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC)
Mitotic count	0–1 per 2 mm^2 (10 HPFs)	2–10 per 2 mm^2 (10 HPFs)	> 10 per 2 mm^2 (10 HPFs) (median of 70)
Necrosis	No	Usually focal or punctiform	Large zones
Ki-67 proliferation index	≤ 5%	≤ 20%	40–80%
Differentiation and grade	Well differentiated Low grade	Can be both well- and moderately differentiated Intermediate grade	Poorly differentiated High grade

HPFs, high-power fields.

Figure 1. Schematic drawing illustrating a suggested pathway for diagnosis and staging of suspected BP-NET in patients with no distant metastases.

Table II. The reported five-year survival rates in cohorts of BP-NET patients.

	Localised disease	Locally advanced disease	Metastatic disease
TC	88–100% [14,27,63,64,66]	60–78% [14,63,66]	42–57% [14,64]
AC	61–100% [27,63,66]	22–60% [63,66]	25–42% [26,64,81]
LCNEC	27–75% [62,67–70]	24–45% [68–70]	0–15% [26,69,81]

AC, atypical carcinoids; LCNEC, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas; TC, typical carcinoids.

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