A priming dose of intravenous ketamine-dexmedetomidine suppresses fentanyl-induced coughing: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study

Figures & data

Table I. Demographics of four patient groups (n = 100).

Group	Placebo	KET	DEX	KETODEX
Age (y)	39.1 ± 15.1	38.8 ± 17.3	40.2 ± 14.2	39.6 ± 15.6
Gender (M/F), n	61/39	58/42	66/34	63/37
Weight (kg)	58 ± 6	61 ± 6	60 ± 3	62 ± 1
ASA (I/II), n	94/6	93/7	98/2	96/4

Values are means ± standard deviation. No statistically significant differences were observed in this table.

ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; KET = ketamine group; DEX = dexmedetomidine group; KETODEX = ketamine-dexmedetomidine group.

Table II. Incidence of coughing and its severity after fentanyl injection.

			Severity of cough (%)
Groups	Incidence (%)	Onset (s)	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Total	No cough (%)
Placebo	53/100 (53)	15.7 ± 3.9	25 (25)	17 (17)	11 (11)	53	47
KET	20/100 (20)	18.6 ± 3.3	10 (10)	6 (6)	4 (4)	20	80
DEX	34/100 (34)	18.2 ± 3.2	16 (16)	11 (11)	7 (7)	34	66
KETODEX	9/100 (9)	25.8 ± 3.8^b	6 (6)^b	3 (3)	0 (0)^a	9	91

The dose of fentanyl was 3 μg/kg for an injection duration of <5 s. Severity of coughing was graded as mild (grade 1–2), moderate (grade 3–5) and severe (grade >5) based on the number of coughs.

The onset time (mean ± SD) was the median value of patients who coughed.

^aP < 0.01, ^bP < 0.05.