Gout, anxiety, and depression in primary care: a matched retrospective cohort study

Figures & data

Table 1. Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of anxiety and depression in gout cases vs. matched controls.

Psychological co-morbidity	Sample n (%)	Incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR * (95% CI)	Adjusted HR † (95% CI)
Anxiety
Gout	258 (15.3)	15.2 (14.2–16.2)	1.09 (0.95–1.25)	1.10 (0.96–1.26)	1.01 (0.87–1.16)
Non-gout	958 (14.2)	16.2 (14.3–18.3)
Depression
Gout	164 (9.7)	10.8 (10.0–11.7)	0.92 (0.77–1.10)	0.93 (0.78–1.12)	0.87 (0.73–1.05)
Non-gout	640 (9.5)	10.0 (8.5–11.8)

CI, confidence interval.

* Adjusted for age, gender, year of consultation, and general practice.

† Adjusted for age, gender, deprivation status, year of consultation, general practice, and co-morbidities. Adjustment for co-morbidity in anxiety included: depression, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes and alcoholism and non-dependent alcohol abuse. Adjustment for co-morbidity in depression included: anxiety, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, alcoholism and non-dependent alcohol abuse and obesity.