An improved synthesis of lysosomal activated mustard prodrug for tumor-specific activation and its cytotoxic evaluation

Abstract

Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent widely used as anticancer agent, biotransformed in vivo to unstable phosphoramidic mustard and acrolein, where the latter metabolite has been found responsible for hemorrhagic cystitis and renal toxicity. Being one of the most popular strategies to avoid these deleterious effects, prodrug design has been attempted, which can, in addition, enable selective drug targeting. Our efforts to design, synthesize and evaluate the enzymatically activated prodrug phosphorodiamidic mustard as potential candidate for selective chemotherapy in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy or prodrug monotherapy strategies are described. We propose an improved synthesis of prodrug 14, consisting of a galactose moiety, a spacer and a cytotoxic drug and its cytotoxicity has been investigated. The prodrug 14 has been found to be nontoxic (in vitro) which could be a valuable candidate for further development.

Keywords::

• Prodrug
• galactose
• mustard
• lysosome
• targeted delivery
• solid tumor

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Principal, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, and the Director, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad for providing facilities and recording spectra.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflict of interest