Depression is associated with the metabolic syndrome among patients with type 1 diabetes

Figures & data

Table I. Patient characteristics, men and women combined.

	Not depressedn = 1012 (82.5%)	Depressedn = 214 (17.5%)	P
Basic characteristics
Male, %	46.4	36.4	0.008
Age, years	44.9 ± 12.5	46.8 ± 12.3	0.041
Diabetes duration, years	27.0 (17.1–36.8)	31.9 (22.5–40.5)	<0.001
BDI score	4 (1–8)	18 (11–22)	<0.001
Nephropathy, %	21.7	38.3	<0.001
Proliferative retinopathy, %	34.7	49.3	0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.6 (4.2–5.2)	4.7 (4.3–5.4)	0.036
HbA1c, %	8.0 (7.2–8.8)	8.2 (7.5–9.5)	0.002
BMI, kg/m^2	25.1 (22.9–27.6)	25.1 (22.5–28.9)	0.595
Current smoking, %	17.4	24.0	0.029
Low SES, %	52.8	62.0	0.036
Employed, %	54.9	32.4	<0.001
Components of the metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome, %	46.3	56.9	0.008
Waist component, %	49.4	62.8	0.001
Triglyceride component, %	15.6	22.6	0.022
Triglycerides, mmol/L	0.94 (0.71–1.41)	1.16 (0.76–1.62)	0.013
HDL component, %	13.9	19.9	0.038
Blood pressure component, %	69.2	68.0	0.739
Systolic BP, mmHg	137 (125–150)	138 (123–154	0.826
Diastolic BP, mmHg	78 (71–85)	80 (70–85)	0.524

Data are presented as frequency (%) for categorical variables, and mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BMI = body mass index; Low SES = low socio-economic status (unskilled blue-collar workers).

Table II. Patient characteristics.

	Men			Women
	Not depressedn = 470 (85.8%)	Depressedn = 78 (14.2%)	P	Not depressedn = 542 (79.9%)	Depressedn = 136 (20.1%)	P
Basic characteristics
Age, years	45.8 ± 12.8	48.5 ± 12.1	0.090	44.0 ± 12.1	45.8 ± 12.3	0.216
Diabetes duration, years	28.0 (16.5–37.8)	31.9 (24.4–40.4)	0.021	26.5 (17.5–36.2)	31.9 (20.0–40.6)	0.003
BDI score	3 (1–7)	18 (13–23)	<0.001	4 (1–8)	17 (11–22)	<0.001
Nephropathy, %	28.3	58.6	<0.001	15.9	24.8	0.045
Proliferative retinopathy, %	41.5	56.0	0.023	28.9	45.4	<0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.5 (4.0–5.0)	4.6 (4.0–5.4)	0.458	4.7 (4.2–5.3)	4.9 (4.4–5.4)	0.070
HbA1c, %	7.9 (7.2–8.7)	8.0 (7.1–9.1)	0.573	8.1 (7.3–8.8)	8.4 (7.6–9.6)	0.001
BMI, kg/m^2	25.6 (23.5–27.8)	25.3 (22.5–29.7)	0.986	24.5 (22.4–27.5)	25.0 (22.6–28.3)	0.273
Current smoking, %	18.3	32.4	0.008	16.5	19.2	0.515
Low SES, %	56.7	74.6	0.010	49.6	54.5	0.435
Employed, %	51.7	31.5	0.002	56.2	38.0	<0.001
Components of the metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome, %	50.0	63.1	0.062	43.0	53.7	0.042
Waist component, %	43.7	54.4	0.116	54.4	67.2	0.009
Waist circumference, cm	92 (85–100)	94 (85–105)	0.209	81 (75–89)	84 (77–93)	0.006
Triglyceride component, %	20.5	38.9	0.001	11.5	13.4	0.541
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.18 (0.81–1.55)	1.46 (0.88–1.86)	0.002	0.85 (0.67–1.30)	0.95 (0.65–1.40)	0.204
HDL component, %	14.4	16.4	0.721	13.4	21.9	0.026
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.40 (1.17–1.59)	1.37 (1.15–1.53)	0.342	1.67 (1.43–2.03)	1.64 (1.31–1.93)	0.088
Blood pressure component, %	78.0	78.1	0.999	61.6	62.3	0.920
Systolic BP, mmHg	141 (130–154)	144 (131–156)	0.535	133 (122–145)	134 (120–150)	0.561
Diastolic BP, mmHg	80 (72–86)	82 (70–90)	0.505	77 (71–84)	80 (70–83)	0.453

Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and frequency (%) for categorical variables. BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BMI = body mass index; Low SES = low socio-economic status (unskilled blue-collar workers).

Table III. Beck Depression Inventory score and metabolic syndrome.

	Metabolic syndrome	Waist component	Triglyceride component	HDL component	Blood pressure component
Model 1
BDI score	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	1.02 (0.99–1.04)	0.99 (0.97–1.01)
Gender, male gender	1.28 (1.01–1.64)	0.60 (0.47–0.77)	2.46 (1.77–3.41)	1.04 (0.74–1.45)	2.07 (1.57–2.73)
Age, years	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.99 (0.97–0.99)	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	1.06 (1.04–1.07)
Model 2
BDI score	1.02 (0.99–1.04)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	1.02 (1.01–1.05)	1.01 (0.99–1.04)	0.99 (0.97–1.01)
Gender, male gender	1.31 (0.98–1.73)	0.61 (0.46–0.80)	2.44 (1.68–3.54)	0.92 (0.63–1.34)	1.91 (1.41–2.59)
Age, years	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	1.05 (1.04–1.06)
Low SES	1.28 (0.97–1.71)	1.07 (0.81–1.41)	1.90 (1.28–2.81)	1.32 (0.90–1.94)	1.17 (0.87–1.57)
Model 3
BDI score	1.00 (0.98–1.03)	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	0.98 (0.94–1.01)	0.98 (0.96–1.01)
Gender, male gender	1.03 (0.73–1.44)	0.44 (0.32–0.62)	2.29 (1.45–3.60)	0.97 (0.60–1.57)	1.90 (1.31–2.74)
Age, years	1.03 (1.01–1.04)	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	1.05 (1.04–1.07)
Low SES	1.05 (0.75–1.49)	0.95 (0.68–1.34)	1.18 (0.73–1.91)	0.75 (0.45–1.23)	1.03 (0.71–1.50)
Smoking	1.04 (0.67–1.59)	0.98 (0.64–1.50)	1.47 (0.86–2.49)	0.93 (0.50–1.73)	1.03 (0.65–1.63)
Nephropathy	2.75 (1.79–4.22)	1.93 (1.26–2.95)	3.31 (2.00–5.46)	2.78 (1.61–4.80)	2.79 (1.62–4.81)
HbA1c	1.15 (1.01–1.32)	1.05 (0.92–1.19)	1.06 (0.90–1.25)	1.15 (0.96–1.38)	1.12 (0.97–1.29)

Data are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; Low SES = low socio-economic status (unskilled blue-collar workers).

Figure 1. Relationships between BDI score and the number of components of the metabolic syndrome present. ‘One component’ refers to the glucose component that is present in all patients, ‘two components’ refers to one additional component, etc. Error bars represent standard error of mean.