Natural history of celiac disease autoimmunity in a USA cohort followed since 1974

Figures & data

Figure 1. The flow chart shows how participants in the CLUE I and CLUE II surveys were selected for inclusion in this study.

Table IA. Demographic and clinical data of subjects receiving a diagnosis of CD in the CLUE 1 and/or CLUE 2 studies.

				CLUE I 1974		CLUE II 1989		CD-positive		Vital status as of 2007
Case	Ethnicity	Gender	Age at CLUE I	tTG-IgA	EMA-IgA	tTG-IgA	EMA-IgA	CLUE I	CLUE II	Alive/dead	Year; cause of death
1	C	F	52	19.6	>1:50	11.3	>1:50	yes	yes	Deceased after CLUE II	1999; Heart failure
2	C	F	50	24.0	>1:50	127.9	>1:50	yes	yes	Deceased after CLUE II	2006; Pneumonia
3	C	F	32	88.1	>1:50	124.0	>1:50	yes	yes	Alive in 2007^a
4	C	M	60	102.9	>1:50	119.8	>1:50	yes	yes	Alive in 2007
5	C	F	50	67.3	>1:50	41.2	>1:50	yes	yes	Alive in 2000	No questionnaire returned after 2000
6	C	M	25	171.5	>1:50	0.6	neg^b	yes	yes	Alive in 2007
7	C	F	34	6.4	>1:20	6.9	>1:20	yes	yes	Alive in 2007
8	C	M	26	9.5	neg	17.1	>1:50	no	yes	Alive at CLUE II	Did not return any questionnaire
9	C	F	25	0.8	neg	17.4	>1:50	no	yes	Alive in 2007
10	C	F	53	1.4	neg	11.4	>1:10	no	yes	Alive in 2007
11	C	F	29	0.7	neg	7.1	>1:10	no	yes	Alive in 2003	Did not return questionnaires after 2003
12	C	F	14	3.5	neg	8.1	>1:10	no	yes	Alive in 2007
13	C	F	54	3.3	neg	7.2	>1:20	no	yes	Alive in 2007
14	C	F	37	0.2	neg	8.4	>1:20	no	yes	Alive in 2007
15	C	F	28	0.2	neg	68.4	>1:50	no	yes	Alive in 2007
16	C	M	27	0.1	neg	8.0	>1:50	no	yes	Alive in 2007

^aDiagnosed with CD and placed on a gluten-free diet after CLUE II.

^bDiagnosed with CD and placed on a gluten-free diet between CLUE I and CLUE II.

Figure 2. Results of the celiac screening of the 3,511 matched participating subjects. *Only 15 of the 16 CD autoimmunity subjects tested EMA-positive at CLUE II as 1 subject was on a gluten-free diet (Table IA, case 6).

Figure 3. A: IgA anti-tTG levels in CD cases participating in CLUE I (1974) and CLUE II (1989) studies. One subject with high IgA anti-tTG only at CLUE I (Table IA, case 6) was diagnosed with CD between CLUE I and CLUE II, and was on a gluten-free diet at CLUE II (solid line). B: Antibody levels in not-CD subjects with isolated IgA anti-tTG positivity at CLUE I (1974) and/or CLUE II (1989). Borderline and abnormal values are inside and above the dotted band, respectively. AU = arbitrary units.

Table IB. Demographic and clinical data of subjects with a CD serology at CLUE I that deceased before CLUE II.

				CLUE I 1974		CLUE II 1989		CD-positive
Case	Ethnicity	Gender	Age at CLUE I	IgA tTG	EMA-IgA	IgA tTG	EMA-IgA	CLUE I	CLUE II	Year; cause of death
1b	C	F	52	57.8	>1:20	N.A.	N.A.	yes	N.A.	1988; Jejunum cancer
2b	C	F	41	171.1	>1:50	N.A.	N.A.	yes	N.A.	1987; Aortic aneurysm

Figure 4. Results of the celiac screening in 840 participants that deceased after the CLUE I study.

Figure 5. Prevalence (and 95% CI) of CD in the US during the last decades. *Data for the year 2001 are taken from Fasano et al. (4).

Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Colletti RB, Drago S, . Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:286–92.

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