Markers of biological fitness as predictors of all-cause mortality

Figures & data

Table I. Numbers of deaths by cause.

		Men (n = 6975)		Women (n = 6370)
	ICD codes (9th; 10th rev)	Number of deaths	%	Number of deaths	%
All causes		1570	100	658	100
Cardiovascular	390–459; I00–I99	520	33	143	22
Coronary heart disease	410–414; I21–I25	315	20	61	9
Stroke	430–438; I60–I69	83	5	46	7
Non-cardiovascular disease		1050	67	515	78
Cancer	140–209; C00–C99	337	21	256	39
Lung cancer	161–162; C32–C34	99	6	32	5
GI system cancer	150–157; C15–C26	104	7	68	10
Breast cancer	174; C50	0	0	64	10
Prostate cancer	185; C61	13	1	0	0
Respiratory disease	460–519; J00–J99	64	4	38	6
GI disease	520–579; K00–K99	151	10	39	6
Non-natural causes	800–999; W00–X99	84	5	40	6

Table II. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality in men and women according to the number of their children.

	Men			Women
	Deaths /men	Hazard ratio	95% CI	Deaths /women	Hazard ratio	95% CI
Number of children
0	466/1432	2.4	2.1–2.7	183/1433	2.1	1.7–2.5
1	320/1452	1.3	1.1–1.5	149/1229	1.5	1.2–1.8
2	472/2596	1.0	baseline	212/2381	1.0	baseline
3	221/1064	1.1	1.0–1.3	87/973	1.0	0.8–1.2
4 or more	91/431	1.2	0.9–1.5	27/354	0.8	0.5–1.1
Total	1570/6975			658/6370
Hazard ratio per child		0.78	0.75–0.82		0.76	0.71–0.81
P for trend		< 0.001			< 0.001
P for trend in those with any children		0.4			< 0.001
P for interaction		0.008

CI = confidence interval.

Table III. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality in men and women according to their educational attainment and whether or not they had children.

Educational attainment	No children			Children
	Deaths/subjects	Hazard ratio	95% CI	Deaths/subjects	Hazard ratio	95% CI
Men
Basic or less	265/582	4.8	3.8–6.2	519/1990	2.4	1.9–3.0
Upper secondary	117/318	3.8	2.9–5.1	296/1385	1.9	1.5–2.5
Lower tertiary	50/182	1.8	2.7–1.9	189/1282	1.3	1.0–1.6
Upper tertiary	13/82	1.5	0.9–2.7	87/752	1.0	baseline
P for trend	< 0.001			< 0.001
Women
Basic or less	105/454	5.7	3.3–9.6	262/2229	2.5	1.5–4.2
Upper secondary	34/222	3.7	2.0–6.7	110/1149	2.1	1.2–3.5
Lower tertiary	19/231	1.8	0.9–3.4	80/1058	1.6	1.0–2.8
Upper tertiary	13/125	2.5	1.2–5.1	16/348	1.0	baseline
P for trend	< 0.001			< 0.001

CI = confidence interval.

Table IV. Hazard ratios for cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in men and women according to their educational attainment and whether or not they had children.

Educational attainment	No children			Children
	Deaths	Hazard ratio	95% CI	Deaths	Hazard ratio	95% CI
Cardiovascular:
Men
Basic or less	81	4.1	2.9–5.8	199	2.6	1.9–3.5
Upper secondary	34	3.2	2.1–4.9	98	1.8	1.3–2.5
Lower tertiary	15	2.2	1.2–3.9	53	1.0	baseline
Upper tertiary	3	1.0	0.3–3.2	32	1.0	0.7–1.6
P for trend	< 0.001			< 0.001
Women
Basic or less	25	3.4	1.9–6.1	61	1.5	0.9–2.5
Upper secondary	7	1.9	0.8–4.6	21	1.0	0.6–1.9
Lower tertiary	4	1.0	0.3–2.9	19	1.0	baseline
Upper tertiary	3	1.5	0.4–4.9	1	0.2	0.0–1.2
P for trend	0.004			0.02
Non-cardiovascular:
Men
Basic or less	184	3.7	2.9–4.6	320	1.6	1.3–2.0
Upper secondary	83	2.9	2.2–3.9	198	1.4	1.1–1.7
Lower tertiary	35	2.0	1.4–3.0	136	1.0	baseline
Upper tertiary	10	1.3	0.7–2.4	55	0.7	0.5–0.9
P for trend	< 0.001			< 0.001
Women
Basic or less	80	3.5	2.5–4.9	201	1.6	1.2–2.1
Upper secondary	27	2.3	1.5–3.7	89	1.4	1.0–1.9
Lower tertiary	15	1.1	0.6–2.0	61	1.0	baseline
Upper tertiary	10	1.5	0.8–3.0	15	0.7	0.4–1.3
P for trend	< 0.001			< 0.001

CI = confidence interval.

Table V. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality in men and women according to their educational attainment and father's socio-economic status.

Educational attainment	Father's socio-economic status
	Lower			Lower middle			Upper middle
	Deaths/subjects	Hazard ratio	95% CI	Deaths/subjects	Hazard ratio	95% CI	Deaths/subjects	Hazard ratio	95% CI
Men
Basic or less	544/1729	2.7	2.0–3.7	155/520	2.6	1.9–3.6	65/252	2.2	1.5–3.2
Upper secondary	283/1113	2.1	1.5–2.9	85/345	2.1	1.4–3.0	39/203	1.7	1.1–2.6
Lower tertiary	114/648	1.4	1.0–2.0	65/437	1.2	0.8–1.7	57/354	1.3	0.9–1.9
Upper tertiary	29/228	1.0	0.6–1.6	26/242	0.8	0.5–1.4	44/355	1.0	baseline
P for trend	< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001
Women
Basic or less	250/1831	2.8	1.4–5.4	76/540	3.0	1.5–5.9	28/221	2.8	1.3–5.9
Upper secondary	94/845	2.3	1.2–4.5	31/298	2.2	1.0–4.6	14/189	1.6	0.7–3.2
Lower tertiary	40/508	1.6	0.8–3.3	36/416	1.7	0.8–3.5	20/333	1.2	0.6–2.7
Upper tertiary	15/146	2.2	1.0–5.1	5/134	0.7	0.2–2.2	9/188	1.0	baseline
P for trend	0.002			< 0.001			0.002

CI = confidence interval.

Table VI. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality in women according to the number of their children and whether their z-score for body mass index (BMI) decreased or increased between age 2 and 11 years.

	BMI decreased			BMI increased
	Deaths/women	Hazard ratio	95% CI	Deaths /women	Hazard ratio	95% CI
Number of children
0	50/453	1.4	1.0–2.0	74/478	2.2	1.6–3.0
1	50/472	1.1	0.8–1.6	63/445	1.6	1.2–2.2
2	86/909	1.0	baseline	80/846	1.0	baseline
3	40/373	1.1	0.8–1.6	25/324	0.8	0.5–1.2
4 or more	14/141	0.9	0.5–1.7	4/101	0.4	0.1–1.1
Total	240/2348			246/2194
Hazard ratio per child		0.91	0.81–1.02		0.69	0.61–0.77
P for trend	0.11			< 0.001
P for interaction	< 0.001

CI = confidence interval.