Prevalence and severity of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients in clinical practice

Figures & data

Table I. Clinical characteristics of the study population as a whole and divided by gender.

	All (n = 2249)	Men (n = 1176)	Women (n = 1073)	p
Age (years)	62.0 ± 13.2	59.9 ± 12.6	64.1 ± 13.2	<0.001
Clinic SBP (mmHg)	140 ± 17	139 ± 16	141 ± 18	<0.001
Clinic DBP (mmHg)	83 ± 10	84 ± 11	82 ± 10	<0.001
Heart rate (beats/min)	71 ± 11	71 ± 11	72 ± 11	NS
Weight (kg)	76.0 ± 15.3	82.7 ± 13.5	68.8 ± 13.8	<0.001
Height (cm)	166 ± 10	172 ± 8	158 ± 7	<0.001
BSA (m^2)	1.83 ± 0.21	1.96 ± 0.17	1.70 ± 0.16	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.7 ± 4.7	27.9 ± 4.1	27.4 ± 5.3	<0.001
Obesity (%)	26.4	24.9	27.9	0.001
Smokers (%)	16.2	17.9	14.4	0.001
Diabetes mellitus (%)	8.2	7.8	8.7	0.001
Elderly (%)	47.0	39.1	55.7	0.001
Treatment (%)	84.5	83.2	85.8	NS

Data are shown as means ± SD or percentage; p-value: women vs men. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BSA, body surface area; BMI, body mass index; Smokers, current smoking (>3 cigarettes/day); Elderly ≥65 years; Treatment, antihypertensive treatment.

Table II. Echocardiographic findings of the study population as a whole and divided by gender.

	All (n = 2249)	Men (n = 1176)	Women (n = 1073)	p
LVIDd (mm)	48.8 ± 5.2	50.7 ± 5.2	46.8 ± 4.5	<0.001
LVIDs (mm)	29.3 ± 6.2	30.9 ± 6.2	27.5 ± 5.5	<0.001
IVSTd (mm)	10.5 ± 1.7	10.9 ± 1.6	10.1 ± 1.7	<0.001
PWTd (mm)	9.5 ± 1.5	9.9 ± 1.4	9.1 ± 1.4	<0.001
RWT	0.41 ± 0.07	0.41 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.08	NS
AR (mm)	33.8 ± 4.7	35.8 ± 4.3	31.5 ± 4.0	<0.001
LA (mm)	38.4 ± 5.9	39.6 ± 5.6	37.0 ± 5.9	<0.001
LVEF (%)	65.4 ± 7.6	64.9 ± 8.1	65.9 ± 7.0	0.005
E velocity (cm/s)	69.8 ± 18.9	67.8 ± 18.1	72.1 ± 20.0	<0.001
A velocity (cm/s)	76.6 ± 21.7	72.0 ± 19.1	81.4 ± 23.1	<0.001
E/A ratio	0.97 ± 0.36	0.99 ± 0.37	0.94 ± 0.34	0.002
LVM (g)	210.1 ± 64.6	235.1 ± 63.8	182.8 ± 53.4	<0.001
LVM/BSA (g/m^2)	114.3 ± 31.5	120.4 ± 31.8	107.5 ± 29.8	<0.001
LVM/h (g/m^2.7)	53.9 ± 16.2	54.9 ± 15.8	53.3 ± 16.5	0.05
LVH criterion A (%)	58.1	54.0	62.8	<0.001
LVH criterion B (%)	58.2	53.1	63.9	<0.001
LVH criterion C (%)	64.9	62.5	67.5	<0.001

Data are shown as means ± SD or percentage; p-value: women vs men. LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular internal diameter systole; IVSTd, interventricular septum thickness diastole; PWTd, posterior wall thickness diastole; RWT, relative wall thickness; LVM, left ventricular mass; LA, left atrium; AR, aortic root; E, early diastolic mitral flow; A, late diastolic mitral flow. LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVM, left ventricular mass. LVMI, left ventricular mass index; Criterion A, LVMI≥225 g in men and 163 g in women; Criterion B, LVMI ≥116 g/m² in men and 96 g/m² in women, Criterion C, LVMI ≥ 49 g/m^2.7 in men and 45 g/m^2.7 in women.

Figure 1. Prevalence rates of mild, moderate and severe left ventricular hypertrophy in the whole hypertensive study population (n=2249) according to three diagnostic criteria: (A) left ventricular mass ≥225/163 g; (B) left ventricular mass index ≥116/96 g/m²; (C) left ventricular mass index ≥49/45 g/h^2.7 in men and women; *p at least <0.05.

Table III. Prevalence rates of left ventricular hypertrophy according to five additional criteria in the study population as a whole and divided by gender.

	All (n = 2249)	Men (n = 1176)	Women (n = 1073)	p
LVMI ≥ 127/100 g/m (%)	61.9	58.0	65.8	<0.001
IVST ≥ 1.1/1.0 cm (%)	64.4	63.6	65.3	NS
PWT ≥ 1.1/1.0 cm (%)	36.9	32.8	41.1	<0.001
IVST and PWT ≥ 1.1/1.0 cm (%)	33.9	30.5	37.5	<0.001
LVMI 125/110 g/m^2 (%)	32.6	38.9	26.3	<0.001

Data are shown as percentage. p-value: women vs men. LVMI, left ventricular mass index; IVST, inter-ventricular septal thickness; PWT, posterior wall thickness.

Table IV. Prevalence rates of left ventricular hypertrophy according to five criteria in untreated hypertensives (UNTH), in treated hypertensives with (THa) and without blood pressure control (THb).

	UNTH (n = 349)	THa (n = 745)	THb (n = 1155)	p
LVM ≥ g (%)	52.4	52.4	63.5*	<0.001
LVMI ≥ 116/96 g/m^2 (%)	50.4	53.9	63.5*	<0.001
LVMI ≥ 49/45 g/m^2.7 (%)	55.0	62.9	69.1*	<0.001
LVMI ≥ 127/100 g (%)	54.7	56.8	66.8*	<0.001
LVMI ≥ 125/110 g/m^2 (%)	26.9	28.7	37.0*	<0.001

Data are shown as percentage. LVM, left ventricular mass, LVMI, left ventricular mass index; THb vs UNTH and THa: *p-value at least < 0.05, adjusted for age, systolic and diastolic BP; UNTH vs THa: p-value = ns.