Fibrillin-1 genotype and risk of prevalent hypertension: A study in two independent populations

Figures & data

Table I. General characteristics of fibrillin-1 genotypes in the Health 2006 population.

Variable	A:A/G:A genotypes (n = 23)	G:G genotype (n = 3170)	p
Age, years	55.5 ± 10.9	48.8 ± 13.0	0.014
Female sex, %	52.2	56.1	0.83
Total cholesterol, mmol/l	5.19 ± 1.20	5.10 ± 1.02	0.66
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l	1.49 ± 0.35	1.54 ± 0.43	0.56
Office systolic blood pressure, mmHg	141 ± 22	130 ± 18	0.0024
Office diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	89 ± 13	82 ± 11	0.0007
Pulse pressure, mmHg	52 ± 16	48 ± 12	0.15
Hypertension, %	60.9	36.8	0.028
Treatment of hypertension, %	26.1	13.0	0.11
Body mass index, kg/m^2	27.0 ± 5.1	25.8 ± 4.6	0.24
Diabetes, %	21.7	4.0	0.0021
Current smoking, %	17.4	22.9	0.63

Data are mean ± standard deviation or proportions in percent. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hypertension, office systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or office diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or use of blood pressure lowering drugs; diabetes, use of antidiabetic drugs or a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l.

Table II. General characteristics of fibrillin-1 genotypes in the MONICA10 population.

Variable	G:A genotype (n = 18)	G:G genotype (n = 2390)	p
Age, years	56.6 ± 8.6	54.0 ± 10.6	0.29
Female sex, %	61.1	50.7	0.38
Total cholesterol, mmol/l	6.02 ± 0.85	6.16 ± 1.11	0.60
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l	1.52 ± 0.42	1.45 ± 0.42	0.47
Office systolic blood pressure, mmHg	134 ± 22	129 ± 19	0.24
Office diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	84 ± 11	82 ± 11	0.51
Pulse pressure, mmHg	50 ± 15	47 ± 13	0.26
Hypertension, %	44.4	36.2	0.47
Treatment of hypertension, %	11.1	8.2	0.66
Body mass index, kg/m^2	25.1 ± 4.1	25.9 ± 4.2	0.40
Diabetes, %	5.5	3.5	0.64
Current smoking, %	44.4	45.9	0.90

Data are mean ± standard deviation or proportions in percent. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hypertension, office systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or office diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or use of blood pressure lowering drugs; diabetes, use of antidiabetic drugs or a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l.

Table III. Odds ratio estimates (95% confidence intervals) for risk of hypertension for fibrillin-1 gene variants in the Health2006 study.

Variables	Proportion of fibrillin-1 genotypes: A:A/G:A vs G:G	Odds ratio (95% CI) unadjusted: A:A/G:A vs G:G	Odds ratio (95% CI) adjusted for sex and age: A:A/G:A vs G:G	Odds ratio (95% CI) adjusted for sex, age and diabetes: A:A/G:A vs G:G
Hypertension	60.9% (14/23) vs 36.8% (1168/3170)	2.67 (1.14–6.18)*	1.87 (0.73–4.79)	1.70 (0.65–4.47)
Uncontrolled hypertension	60.9% (14/23) vs 32.6% (1035/3170)	3.20 (1.38–7.42)^†	2.41 (0.95–6.07)	2.33 (0.92–5.91)
Moderate to severe hypertension, grade 1	60.9% (14/23) vs 26.5% (841/3170)	4.31 (1.86–9.99)^‡	3.47 (1.41–8.58)^†	3.51 (1.41–8.67)^†
Moderate to severe hypertension, grade 2	60.9% (14/23) vs 15.7% (498/3170)	8.35 (3.59–19.39)^§	7.31 (2.88–18.57)^§	7.22 (2.83–18.40)^§
Moderate to severe hypertension, grade 3	52.2% (12/23) vs 10.1% (321/3170)	9.68 (4.24–22.12)^§	8.12 (3.37–19.94)^§	8.01 (3.27–19.58)^§

CI, confidence interval; hypertension, office systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or office diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg or use of blood pressure lowering drugs; uncontrolled hypertension, office SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or office DBP ≥ 90 mmHg; moderate to severe hypertension grade 1, office SBP ≥ 150 mmHg or office DBP ≥ 90 mmHg; moderate to severe hypertension grade 2, office SBP ≥ 150 mmHg or office DBP ≥ 100 mmHg; moderate to severe hypertension grade 3, office SBP ≥ 160 mmHg or office DBP ≥ 100 mmHg; diabetes, use of antidiabetic drugs or a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l. *p < 0.05; ^†p < 0.01; ^‡p < 0.001; ^§p < 0.0001.

Table IV. Odds ratio estimates (95% confidence intervals) for risk of ambulatory hypertension for fibrillin-1 gene variants in the MONICA10 study.

Variables	Proportion of fibrillin-1 genotypes: A:A/G:A vs G:G	Odds ratio (95% CI) unadjusted: A:A/G:A vs G:G	Odds ratio (95% CI) adjusted for sex and age: A:A/G:A vs G:G
Ambulatory hypertension	56.3% (9/16) vs 38.0% (620/1630)	2.09 (0.78–5.65)	2.28 (0.81–6.40)
Moderate to severe hypertension, grade 1	43.8% (7/16) vs 17.7% (289/1630)	3.61 (1.33–9.77)*	3.93 (1.36–11.4)*
Moderate to severe hypertension, grade 2	31.3% (5/16) vs 7.4% (120/1630)	5.73 (1.96–16.7)^†	6.54 (2.12–20.2)^†

CI, confidence interval; ambulatory hypertension, 24-h mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 mmHg or 24-h mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 80 mmHg; moderate to severe ambulatory hypertension grade 1, 24-h mean SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or 24-h mean DBP ≥ 85 mmHg; moderate to severe ambulatory hypertension grade 2, 24-h mean SBP ≥ 150 mmHg or 24-h mean DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. *p < 0.02; ^†p < 0.01.

Table V. Cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease events by fibrillin-1 genotypes in the entire MONICA10 study population.

Event	G:A genotype	G:G genotype	p
Cardiovascular disease	33.3% (6/18)	13.0% (311/2390)	0.011
Ischemic heart disease	22.2% (4/18)	8.2% (197/2390)	0.033
Cardiovascular mortality	16.7% (3/18)	5.5% (131/2390)	0.039
Acute myocardial infarction	11.1% (2/18)	4.2% (100/2390)	0.15
Stroke	5.6% (1/18)	2.9% (69/2390)	0.50

Table VI. Hazard ratio estimates (95% confidence interval) for the fibrillin-1 G:A genotype for risk of cardiovascular disease events in the entire MONICA10 study population.

Events	Hazard ratio (95% CI)* G:A vs G:G genotype	p	Hazard ratio (95% CI)^† G:A vs G:G genotype	p
Cardiovascular disease	2.76 (1.23–6.19)	0.014	2.55 (1.131–5.77)	0.024
Cardiovascular mortality	3.53 (1.12–11.1)	0.031	3.38 (1.06–10.8)	0.039
Ischemic heart disease	2.81 (1.04–7.56)	0.041	2.45 (0.90–6.64)	0.079
Acute myocardial infarction	2.82 (0.70–11.5)	0.15	2.61 (0.6310.7)	0.18
Stroke	2.36 (0.33–17.0)	0.40	2.17 (0.30–15.9)	0.44

*Adjusted for age and sex. CI, confidence interval. ^†Adjusted for age, sex and baseline office systolic and diastolic blood pressure.