Associations of cardiovascular risk factors with prehypertension and hypertension in women

Figures & data

Table I. Profiles of the normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive groups.

	Normotensive	Prehypertensive	Hypertensive	Overall
Number	4591	3669	1679	9939
Age (years)	44.3 ± 5.5	46.0 ± 5.4**	48.2 ± 4.7**,††	45.6 ± 5.5
Drinkers	644 (14.0%)	589 (16.1%*)	243 (14.5%)	1476 (14.9%)
Smokers	992 (21.6%)	672 (18.3%**)	254 (15.1%**,††)	1918 (19.3%)
Habitual exercise	215 (4.7%)	176 (4.8%)	89 (5.3%)	480 (4.8%)
Therapy for hypertension	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	577 (34.4%**,††)	577 (5.8%)
Therapy for dyslipidemia	68 (1.5%)	88 (2.4%**)	116 (6.9%**,††)	272 (2.7%)
Therapy for diabetes	12 (0.3%)	32 (0.9%**)	67 (4.0%**,††)	111 (1.1%)
Height (cm)	157.4 ± 5.4	157.1 ± 5.4	156.1 ± 5.5**,††	157.1 ± 5.4
Weight (kg)	52.0 ± 7.2	56.4 ± 9.5**	61.7 ± 12.1**,††	55.3 ± 9.7
Waist circumference (cm)	74.2 ± 7.9	78.7 ± 9.4**	84.3 ± 11.0**,††	77.6 ± 9.8
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	106.9 ± 7.6	126.8 ± 6.2**	145.3 ± 15.0**,††	120.7 ± 16.8
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	63.7 ± 6.9	74.8 ± 7.1**	86.3 ± 10.3**,††	71.6 ± 11.3

Numbers and percentages of subjects and means with standard deviations of each variable are shown. Significant differences from the normotensive group (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01) and the prehypertensive group (††p < 0.01).

Table II. Relationships of alcohol intake and smoking with prehypertension and hypertension.

	Prehypertension	Hypertension
Alcohol intake
Non-drinkers (n = 8463)	1.00	1.00
Light drinkers (n = 598)	1.31 (1.09–1.59)**	1.50 (1.09–2.04)*
Heavy drinkers (n = 878)	1.82 (1.54–2.15)**	3.33 (2.59–4.27)**
Smoking
Non-smokers (n = 8021)	1.00	1.00
Smokers (n = 1918)	0.80 (0.71–0.90)**	0.64 (0.53–0.78)**

Odds ratios of the drinker groups vs the non-drinker group or the smoker group vs the non-smoker group for prehypertension and hypertension are shown. Odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking and habitual exercise for analysis of the alcohol intake groups and were calculated after adjustment for age, alcohol intake and habitual exercise for analysis of the smoking groups. *p < 0.01.

Table III. Relationships of alcohol intake with prehypertension and hypertension in smokers and non-smokers.

	Prehypertension	Hypertension
Non-smokers
Non-drinkers (n = 7175)	1.00	1.00
Light drinkers (n = 392)	1.18 (0.94–1.49)	1.33 (0.92–1.92)
Heavy drinkers (n = 454)	1.56 (1.24–1.95)**	1.66 (1.41–1.95)**
Smokers
Non-drinkers (n = 1288)	1.00	1.00
Light drinkers (n = 206)	1.64 (1.18–2.30)**	2.01 (1.12–3.61)*
Heavy drinkers (n = 424)	2.22 (1.71–2.87)**	4.13 (2.76–6.18)**
Interaction term
Light drinkers	1.40 (0.93–2.09)	1.67 (0.84–3.32)
Heavy drinkers	1.45 (1.04–2.03)*	1.69 (1.03–2.78)*

Odds ratios of the drinker groups vs the non-drinker group for prehypertension and hypertension are shown. Odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, body mass index and habitual exercise. Odds ratios of the interaction term (multiplication of alcohol drinking by smoking) were calculated by logistic regression analysis using age, alcohol drinking, smoking, BMI and habitual exercise as other variables. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Table IV. Relationships of adiposity with prehypertension and hypertension.

	Prehypertension	Hypertension
BMI
< 25 kg/m^2 (n = 7944)	1.00	1.00
≥ 25 kg/m^2 (n = 1995)	3.71 (3.25–4.25)**	12.19 (10.39–14.31)**
WHtR
< 0.5 (n = 5738)	1.00	1.00
≥ 0.5 (n = 4201)	2.25 (2.05–2.47)**	5.52 (4.85–6.28)**

Adiposity was evaluated by using body mass index (BMI) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Odds ratios of the obesity group vs the non-obesity group for prehypertension and hypertension are shown. Odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol intake and habitual exercise. **p < 0.01.

Table V. Relationships of blood lipid levels and glycemic status with prehypertension and hypertension.

	Prehypertension	Hypertension
High triglycerides
No (n = 8707)	1.00	1.00
Yes (n = 1232)	1.56 (1.33–1.83)**	1.89 (1.55–2.30)**
Low HDL-cholesterol
No (n = 8494)	1.00	1.00
Yes (n = 1445)	1.07 (0.93–1.23)	1.11 (0.92–1.35)
High LDL-cholesterol
No (n = 8275)	1.00	1.00
Yes (n = 1664)	1.21 (1.06–1.38)**	1.25 (1.05–1.50)*
Hyperglycemia
No (n = 9667)	1.00	1.00
Yes (n = 272)	1.38 (0.92–2.06)	3.36 (2.20–5.14)**

Odds ratios of subjects with high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol or hyperglycemia vs subjects without each risk factor for prehypertension or hypertension are shown. Odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake and habitual exercise. Therapy for dyslipidemia was also adjusted for calculation of odds ratios of subjects with high triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol or high LDL-cholesterol. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Table VI. Multivariate analysis for comparison of means of each variable among the normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive groups.

	Normotensive	Prehypertensive	Hypertensive
BMI (kg/m^2)	20.96 ± 0.05	22.86 ± 0.06**	25.34 ± 0.08**,††
WHtR	0.473 ± 0.001	0.501 ± 0.001**	0.538 ± 0.001**,††
Log (triglycerides)	1.873 ± 0.003	1.913 ± 0.004**	1.934 ± 0.006**,††
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	64.8 ± 0.2	64.7 ± 0.2	64.9 ± 0.4
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	110.6 ± 0.4	113.1 ± 0.5**	112.8 ± 0.7*
Hemoglobin A1C (%)	4.98 ± 0.01	4.98 ± 0.01	5.05 ± 0.01**,††

Means with standard errors of each variable after adjustment for age, history of smoking and alcohol intake are shown. Body mass index and history of therapy for dyslipidemia or diabetes were also adjusted for calculation of means of log-converted triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and hemoglobin A1c. BMI, body mass index, WHtR, waist-to-height ratio. Significant differences from the normotensive group (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01) and the prehypertensive group (††, p < 0.01).