Multiple Antioxidants and L-Arginine Modulate Inflammation and Dyslipidemia in Chronic Renal Failure Rats

Figures & data

Table 1  Changes in kidney function, nitrate/nitrite (NO₂/NO₃) production, and lipid profile of chronic renal failure rats after 12 weeks of treatment with L-arginine and antioxidants mixture

Groups	Weeks	Control	RMR	RMR+L-arg.	RMR+antiox	RMR+L-arg.+antiox
S. urea (mg/dL)	0	34.96 ± 0.37	81.18 ± 0.37	82.12 ± 1.3	81.58 ± 1.43	82.42 ± 1.25
	12	34.7 ± 0.7	128.27 ± 0.6*^║	72.18 ± 1.8^†^║	102.76 ± 1.4^†^‡^║	42.1 ± 1.4^†^‡^§^║
S. cr (mg/dL)	0	0.43 ± 0.005	1.62 ± 0.07	1.57 ± 0.08	1.59 ± .08	1.58 ± .07
	12	0.43 ± 0.005	2.34 ± 0.1^║	1.25 ± 0.1^†	1.70 ± 0.06^†^‡	0.54 ± 0.02^†^‡^§^║
Cr. Cl (ml/min)	0	2.22 ± .09	1.12 ± .05	1.05 ± 0.04	1.01 ± 0.04	1.08 ± 0.04
	12	2.15 ± 0.06	0.77 ± 0.03^║	1.84 ± 0.11^†^║	1.83 ± 0.14^†^║	2.15 ± 0.07^†^‡^§^║
S. NO2/NO3 (μmol/L)	0	47.2 ± 0.85	39.87 ± 0.68	39.73 ± 0.55	39.84 ± 0.46	39.60 ± 0.50
	12	47.36 ± 0.80	20.84 ± 0.72^║	42.8 ± 1.78^†	29.6 ± 1.2^†^‡^║	46.17 ± 1.51^†^‡^§^║
Ur. vol (ml/24h)	0	13.53 ± 0.43	14.8 ± 0.39	14.63 ± 0.45	14.59 ± 0.45	14.54.4 ± 0.41
	12	15.09 ± 0.46	30.98 ± 0.4^║	27.7 ± 2.3^║	28.27 ± 0.72^║	13.38 ± 0.18^†^‡^§^║
Ur. protein (mg/24h)	0	8.19 ± .21	36.17 ± 1.4	36.12 ± 1.3	35.8 ± 1.32	37.78 ± 1.67
	12	8.56 ± .24	104.79 ± 3.24^║	49.22 ± 2.15^†^║	61.15 ± 3.2^†^║	16.63 ± 3.93^†^‡^§^║
Ur. NO2/NO3 (μmol/24h)	0	24.08 ± 0.59	18.12 ± 0.58	17.87 ± 0.58	17.65 ± 0.75	18.10 ± 0.46
	12	23.70 ± 0.52	8.98 ± 0.36^║	18.17 ± 0.38^†^║	15.06 ± 0.27^†^‡^║	20.46 ± 0.85^†^§^║
S. cholesterol (mg/dL)	0	101.67 ± 3.22	103.94 ± 3.16	95.73 ± 9.83	94. 37 ± 10.8	105.76 ± 2.9
	12	101.67 ± 3.22	155.87 ± 2.0^║	130.17 ± 3.04^†^║	133.31 ± 5.05^†^║	130.19 ± 5.31^†^║
S. triglyceride (mg/dL)	0	64.93 ± 2.00	78.10 ± 2.40	77.26 ± 1.59	77.43 ± 2.06	77.26 ± 1.70
	12	65.71 ± 1.62	112.98 ± 3.6^║	89.71 ± 0.88^†^║	74.31 ± 1.2^†^‡	68.65 ± 1.62^†^‡^§^║

Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

*p < 0.05 significant versus control animals.

^†p < 0.05 significant versus untreated renal mass reduction animals.

^‡p < 0.05 significant versus L-arginine-treated group.

^§p < 0.05 significant versus the antioxidants-treated group.

^║p < 0.05 significant versus the 0 time of this parameter in the same group.

Abbreviations: S. = serum, Ur. = urine, Cr = creatinine, Cl. = clearance, Vol = volume, Control = sham operated healthy rats receiving no treatment, RMR = renal mass reduction rats without treatment, RMR+L-arg = renal mass reduction rats receiving L-arginine treatment, RMR+antiox = renal mass reduction rats receiving antioxidants treatment, RMR+antiox+L-arg = renal mass reduction rats receiving L-arginine and antioxidant treatment.

Table 2  Effect of L-arginine and multiple antioxidant treatments of plasma cytokines and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in chronic renal failure rats

Groups	Control	RMR	RMR+L-arg.	RMR+antiox	RMR+L-arg.+antiox
IL-1 alpha (pg/mL)	7.56 ± 0.25	69.40 ± 3.47	47.91 ± 1.23^†	59.10 ± 2.7^†^‡	53.61 ± 1.90^†
IL-1beta (pg/mL)	16.95 ± 0.49	86.68 ± 1.26	51.52 ± 1.61^†	39.75 ± 1.55^†^‡	31.17 ± 0.79^†^‡^§
Il-4 (pg/mL)	28.34 ± 0.44	27.14 ± 0.34	26.73 ± 0.2	27.43 ± 0.35	27.12 ± 0.34
IL-6 (pg/mL)	32.64 ± 0.98	89.30 ± 1.89	45.81 ± 1.31^†	44.39 ± 1.01^†	34.42 ± 1.03^†^‡^§
Il-10 (pg/mL)	116.00 ± 1.74	96.49 ± 0.89	98.66 ± 1.39	97.23 ± 3.8	97.88 ± 1.8
TNF-alpha (pg/mL)	6.06 ± 0.34	26.44 ± 1.01	17.97 ± 0.65^†	12.85 ± 0.78^†	19.12 ± 0.57^†^‡^§
sICAM-1 (pg/mL)	672.38 ± 63.49	1081.11 ± 65.56	956.11 ± 71.0	871.38 ± 76.22^†	1064.44 ± 70.39

Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

*p < 0.05 significant versus control animals.

^†p < 0.05 significant versus untreated renal mass reduction animals.

^‡p < 0.05 significant versus L-arginine-treated group.

^§p < 0.05 significant versus the antioxidants-treated group.

Abbreviations: control = sham operated healthy rats receiving no treatment, RMR = renal mass reduction rats without treatment, RMR+L-arg = renal mass reduction rats receiving L-arginine treatment, RMR+antiox = renal mass reduction rats receiving antioxidants treatment, RMR+antiox+L-arg = renal mass reduction rats receiving L-arginine and antioxidant treatment.

Table 3  Effect of L-arginine and multiple antioxidants on systolic blood pressure (BP) of chronic renal failure rats

	Systolic BP (mmHg) wk 0	Systolic BP (mmHg) wk 4	Systolic BP (mmHg) wk 8	Systolic BP (mmHg) wk 12
Control	112.3 ± 0.44	112.5 ± 0.60	113.0 ± 1.00	113.5 ± 0.47
RMR	149.2 ± 0.84	174.5 ± 1.84	197.0 ± 1.61	207.0 ± 1.85
RMR+L-arg	150.5 ± 0.61	147.9 ± 1.19^†	161.6 ± 1.55^†	169.1 ± 1.61^†
RMR+antiox	150.0 ± 0.66	150.1 ± 1.15^†	154.5 ± 2.1^†^‡	160.9 ± 1.9^†^‡
RMR+antiox+L-arg	150.4 ± 0.58	124.9 ± 0.64^†^‡^§	125.3 ± 0.81^†^‡^§	121.6 ± 1.09^†^‡^§

Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

*p < 0.05 significant versus control animals.

^†p < 0.05 significant versus untreated renal mass reduction animals.

^‡p < 0.05 significant versus L-arginine-treated group.

^§p < 0.05 significant versus the antioxidants-treated group.

Abbreviations: Control = sham operated healthy rats receiving no treatment, RMR = renal mass reduction rats without treatment, RMR+L-arg = renal mass reduction rats receiving L-arginine treatment, RMR+antiox = renal mass reduction rats receiving antioxidants treatment, RMR+antiox+L-arg = renal mass reduction rats receiving L-arginine and antioxidant treatment.