Associations of Serum Levels of Advanced Glycation end Products with Nutrition Markers and Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory characteristics of the study group and controls

Variable	Controls	CKD 1–5	CKD 1 + 2	CKD 3	CKD 4	CKD 5	p-Value by ANOVA for CKD 1–5
Number of patients	44	159	71	42	31	15
Age (years)^a	57 ± 10	49 ± 17	40 ± 15	54 ± 16	59 ± 12	58 ± 11	<0.0001
M/F (%)	36/64	53/47	58/42	36/64	61/39	53/47
Smoking (%)	29	13	16	9	13	7	0.71
BMI (kg/m^2)^a	25.5 ± 3.5	26.8 ± 4.4	25.8 ± 4.2	26.9 ± 4.4	28.7 ± 4.8	27.6 ± 3.9	0.02
Hypertension (%)	0	73	58	81	87	100	0.0003
History of CVD (%)	0	19	3	24	42	40	<0.0001
DM (%)	0	14	1	21	29	27	0.0004
MDRD (mL/min)^a	71 ± 11	55 ± 33	86 ± 22	44 ± 9.2	21.5 ± 3.6	11.8 ± 1.9	<0.0001
Proteinuria (g/24h)^a	0.0022 ± 0.0004	3.30 ± 5.20	2.60 ± 3.20	3.00 ± 4.00	5.70 ± 9.30	2.9 ± 3.0	0.04
Creatinine (mg/dL)^a	0.97 ± 0.14	1.80 ± 1.24	0.96 ± 0.21	1.75 ± 0.30	2.89 ± 0.72	4.84 ± 0.98	<0.0001
Albumin (g/L)^a	43.7 ± 2.4	31.9 ± 8.0	32.3 ± 8.8	31.8 ± 8.0	31.0 ± 7.6	31.8 ± 5.4	0.9
Prealbumin (g/L)^a	0.27 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.08	0.26 ± 0.07	0.26 ± 0.08	0.29 ± 0.10	0.29 ± 0.08	0.13
CRP (mg/L)^a	3.3 ± 2.0	6.4 ± 7.9	4.8 ± 4.7	7.0 ± 11.0	7.6 ± 7.2	7.9 ± 9.3	0.12
Orosomucoid (g/L)^a	0.78 ± 0.19	1.10 ± 0.50	0.91 ± 0.43	1.25 ± 0.56	1.24 ± 0.44	1.33 ± 0.44	<0.0001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)^a	5.43 ± 0.85	5.9 ± 2.2	6.0 ± 2.1	5.9 ± 2.2	5.8 ± 2.2	5.0 ± 2.3	0.48
Fibrinogen (g/L)^a	3.3 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 1.0	4.3 ± 0.9	4.3 ± 1.3	4.5 ± 0.97	4.52 ± 0.82	0.70
Hemoglobin (g/dL)^a	14.1 ± 1.0	11.8 ± 2.0	13.1 ± 1.7	11.3 ± 1.9	10.3 ± 1.3	10.1 ± 0.9	<0.0001
AGEs (AU)^a	3.2 ± 0.48 × 10^5	3.9 ± 1.7 × 10^5	3.0 ± 1.0 × 10^5	3.7 ± 1.4 × 10^5	5.3 ± 1.9 × 10^5	6.0 ± 1.7 × 10^5	<0.0001

Notes: AGEs, advanced glycation end products; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AU, arbitrary units; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; F, female; M, male; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; SD, standard deviation. Reference ranges are creatinine, 0.50–1.24 mg/dL; albumin, 35–53 g/L; prealbumin, 0.20–0.40 g/L; CRP, <7 mg/L; orosomucoid, 0.50–1.20 g/L; cholesterol, 3.83–5.80 mmol/L; fibrinogen, 2–4 g/L; hemoglobin, 13.5–17.4 g/dL.

^aData are expressed as mean ± SD.

Figure 1. Correlation of log AGEs and albumin in CKD patients (1–5).

Figure 2. Correlation of log AGEs and prealbumin in CKD patients (1–5).

Figure 3. Correlation of log AGEs and hemoglobin in CKD patients (1–5).

Table 2. Factors associated with AGEs. Multivariate regression analysis using serum AGEs as the dependent variable (adjusted to age and eGFR)

Independent variables	B coefficient	SE	T	p-Value	Intercept	R^2
Albumin	0.0049	0.0014	3.49	0.0006	5.6	0.45
Prealbumin	1.016	0.141	7.19	<0.0001
Hemoglobin	−0.0039	0.00053	−7.53	<0.0001

Note: B, beta coefficient; SE, standard error; T, test statistic; R², coefficient of determination.