Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome

Figures & data

Figure 1. Incidence of AKI in patients with different serum albumin level.

Table 1. Logistic regression analysis for incidence of AKI

Independent variables	OR (95% CI)	p-Value
Serum albumin in 10 g/L decrements	4.97 (2.74–9.03)	<0.0001
Age in 30-year increments	1.68 (1.17–2.42)	<0.01
Sex (female vs. male)	0.40 (0.22–0.72)	<0.01

Notes: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 2. Baseline clinical and serologic characteristics of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome patients

Characteristic	Non-AKI	AKI-R	AKI-I	AKI-F	p-Value
N	182	51	24	20
Sex (M/F)	101/81	38/13	19/5	14/6	0.017^a
Age (years)	39 ± 18	42 ± 21	39 ± 20	49 ± 24	0.138
Serum albumin (g/L)	20.0 ± 5.3	15.4 ± 4.7	15.4 ± 4.6	16.6 ± 4.5	<0.001^b
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.0 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 0.6	4.7 ± 1.8	<0.001^c
eGFR (mL/min)	83 ± 27	49 ± 17	37 ± 14	17 ± 8	<0.001^d
Hemoglobin (g/L)	130 ± 22	131 ± 22	138 ± 25	119 ± 18	0.044^e
Hematocrit	0.37 ± 0.06	0.38 ± 0.07	0.39 ± 0.07	0.35 ± 0.06	0.132
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	139 ± 4	138 ± 4	139 ± 4	138 ± 5	0.823
Urine protein (g/24 h)	7.8 ± 2.7	8.1 ± 3.6	7.7 ± 3.5	10.3 ± 5.7	0.013^f
Urine specific gravity	1.04 ± 0.06	1.04 ± 0.07	1.04 ± 0.04	1.03 ± 0.01	0.815
Systolic BP (mmHg)	131 ± 22	129 ± 24	129 ± 16	137 ± 20	0.560
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78 ± 10	77 ± 10	77 ± 11	81 ± 9	0.617

Notes: ^ap = 0.01, AKI-R versus non-AKI; p = 0.03, AKI-I versus non-AKI; p = 0.21, AKI-F versus non-AKI.

^bp < 0.001, AKI-R versus non-AKI; p < 0.001, AKI-I versus non-AKI; p = 0.006, AKI-F versus non-AKI.

^cp < 0.001, AKI-R versus non-AKI; p < 0.001, AKI-I versus AKI-R; p < 0.001, AKI-F versus AKI-I.

^dp < 0.001, AKI-R versus non-AKI; p < 0.05, AKI-I versus AKI-R; p < 0.01, AKI-F versus AKI-I.

^ep = 0.04, AKI-F versus non-AKI; p = 0.036, AKI-F versus AKI-R; p = 0.005, AKI-F versus AKI-I.

^fp = 0.001, AKI-F versus non-AKI; p = 0.008, AKI-F versus AKI-R; p = 0.007, AKI-F versus AKI-I.

Table 3. Acute tubular injury in patients during episode of AKI

Tubular histological change	AKI-R	AKI-I	AKI-F	Total
No acute tubular injury	8.00	1.00	0.00	9.00
Acute tubular injury	3.00	3.00	5.00	11.00

Note: p  =  0.017.

Table 4. Treatment of each AKI group

Therapy	AKI-R (n  =  51)	AKI-I (n  =  24)	AKI-F (n =  20)	p-Value
No immunosuppressive agents	6	1	6	0.04
Corticosteroid (n)	45	23	14	0.04
Cyclophosphamide (n)	6	3	1	0.66
Leflunomide (n)	2	0	0	0.41
Mycophenolate mofetil (n)	3	3	0	0.23
Tripterygii wilfordii (n)	0	2	1	0.14
Renal replacement therapy (n)	0	0	7	<0.001

Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier curves of renal recovery end points.

Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier curves of nephrotic syndrome complete remission.