Associations of Plasma Pentraxin 3 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Concentrations with Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Figures & data

Table 1.  Baseline characteristics of subjects without CKD or CVD and with CKD and/or CVD

	Control	CKD and/or CVD	p-Value
N	55	134	NS
Male (%)	80.0	70.9	NS
Age (years)	58.6 ± 4.4	61.9 ± 14.8	NS
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.9 ± 3.9	23.4 ± 3.8	<0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	78.8 ± 14.4	52.8 ± 23.5	NS
T-cho (mg/dL)	203.4 ± 33.5	209.2 ± 68.5	NS
HDL-cho (mg/dL)	57.3 ± 13.2	56.4 ± 16.3	<0.0001
HT (%)	18.2	58.2	<0.01
DM (%)	7.3	24.6	NS
smoking (%)	41.8	50.0	<0.0001
TNFα (pg/mL)	0.98 ± 0.58	3.52 ± 4.70	<0.0001
PTX3 (ng/mL)	2.15 ± 0.93	3.80 ± 2.35	<0.0001
hsCFP (mg/mL)	0.10 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.85	<0.01
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	122.4 ± 43.3	146.8 ± 72.8	<0.05

Notes: TNFα, PTX3, hsCRP, and MCP-1 were log transformed before entering analysis. Significantly different (p < 0.05) as assessed by Student's unpaired t-test or chi-square test.

CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; T-cho, total cholesterol; HDL-cho, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HT, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; PTX3, pentraxin 3; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NS, not significant.

Table 2.  Baseline characteristics of four groups

	CKD(−)			CKD(+)
	CVD(−) Group C N = 55	CVD (+) Group V N = 27	p-Value	CVD (−) Group KN = 58	CVD (+) Group KVN = 58	p-Value
Male (%)	80	81.5	NS	63.8	73.5	NS
Age (years)	58.6 ± 4.4	61.8 ± 13.7	NS	56.1 ± 15.1	68.9 ± 11.9	<0.0001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.9 ± 3.9	22.5 ± 3.8	NS	23.8 ± 4.1	23.5 ± 3.5	NS
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	78.8 ± 14.4	73.7 ± 10.2	NS	54.0 ± 25.2	39.7 ± 17.3	<0.001
T-cho (mg/dL)	203.4 ± 33.5	182.9 ± 32.7	<0.001	232.0 ± 87.0	196.9 ± 47.6	<0.05
HDL-cho (mg/dL)	57.3 ± 13.2	56.9 ± 17.3	NS	58.6 ± 16.3	53.5 ± 15.7	NS
HT (%)	18.2	56.3	<0.001	48.3	69.4	<0.05
DM (%)	7.3	22.2	NS	15.5	36.7	<0.05
smoking (%)	41.8	59.3	NS	43.1	53.1	NS

Notes: Significantly different (p < 0.05) as assessed by Student's unpaired t-test or chi-square test.

CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; T-cho, total cholesterol; HDL-cho, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DM, diabetes mellitus; HT, hypertension; NS, not significant.

Table 3.  Comparison of biomarker levels in the investigated participants

	Group C	Group V	Group K	Group KV
TNFα (pg/mL)	0.98 ± 0.58	5.25 ± 8.56^a	2.43 ± 2.33^a,b	3.87 ± 3.44^a,c
PTX3 (ng/mL)	2.15 ± 0.93	3.84 ± 2.68^a	3.31 ± 1.95^d	4.34 ± 2.53^a,e
hsCRP (mg/dL)	0.10 ± 0.13	0.27 ± 0.37	0.28 ± 0.87	0.74 ± 0.93^a,c,f
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	122.4 ± 43.3	114.2 ± 46.0	156.1 ± 80.1^f,g	153.8 ± 71.9^f,g

Notes: Data were log transformed before entering analysis. Significantly different (p < 0.05) as assessed by HSD test as a post hoc test if ANOVA was significant. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; PTX3, pentraxin 3; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

^aDenotes p < 0.0001 versus group C.

^bDenotes p < 0.001 versus group V.

^cDenotes p < 0.001 versus group K.

^dDenotes p < 0.01 versus group C.

^eDenotes p < 0.05 versus group K.

^fDenotes p < 0.01 versus group V.

^gDenotes p < 0.05 versus group C.

Figure 1. Circulating levels of TNFα, PTX3, hsCRP, and MCP-1 in CKD patients with CVD with their eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m² (N = 35) and <30 mL/min/1.73 m² (N = 14).

Notes: TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; PTX3, pentraxin 3; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NS, not significant.

Figure 2. Receiver characteristic operating curves for differentiating the presence of CVD in advanced CKD patients (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) on the basis of the circulating levels of (A) PTX3, (B) TNFα, and (C) hsCRP (area under the curve = 0.664, 0.507, and 0.318, respectively).

Notes: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PTX3, pentraxin 3; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Table 4.  Factors independently associated with the presence of CVD in advanced CKD patients (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²)

Varriable	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-Value
Age	1.24	1.05–1.74	<0.01
BMI	1.62	1.06–3.55	<0.05
PTX3	1.56	1.01–3.64	<0.05

Notes: Multivariate logistic regression, including gender, age, body mass index, levels of TNFα, PTX3, and hsCRP. CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; PTX3, pentraxin 3.