Analysis of Early Kidney Damage in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Multicenter Study

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of 822 participants grouped by CKD stages.

	CKD 1	CKD 2	CKD 3
Number of patients (n)	268	192	362
Serum creatinine ratio (μmol/L)	67.8 ± 11.6	97.3 ± 16.9	152.3 ± 46.5
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	118.5 ± 25.3	74.7 ± 8.8	44.8 ± 8.8
Diagnosis
Primary glomerulonephritis, n (%)	171 (63.8)	98 (51.0)	153 (42.3)
Renal vascular diseases, n (%)	17 (6.3)	31 (16.1)	89 (24.6)
Secondary glomerulopathy, n (%)	50 (18.7)	40 (20.8)	55 (15.2)
Diabetic nephropathy, n (%)	10 (3.7)	30 (15.6)	37 (10.2)
Other renal diseases, n (%)	22 (8.2)	18 (9.4)	44 (12.2)
Unidentified, n (%)	8 (3.0)	5 (2.6)	21 (5.8)

Note: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 2. The characteristics of risk factors for kidney damage.

	CKD 1	CKD 2	CKD 3	p-Value
Number of patients (n)	268	192	362
Age (years)	38.3 ± 15.6	50.8 ± 15.2	57.7 ± 15.9	<0.001
Males, n (%)	134 (50)	112 (58.3)	217 (59.9)	0.037
Obesity (BMI > 28), n (%)	28 (10.4)	33 (17.2)	52 (14.4)	0.106
Smoking, n (%)	51 (19.0)	54 (28.1)	118 (32.6)	0.001
Alcohol consumption, n (%)	36 (13.4)	37 (19.3)	65 (18.0)	0.186
Hypertension, n (%)	79 (29.5)	118 (61.5)	289 (79.8)	<0.001
Diabetes, n (%)	36 (13.4)	47 (24.5)	83 (22.9)	0.003
CVD, n (%)	26 (9.7)	49 (25.5)	158 (43.6)	<0.001
Cerebral vascular diseases, n (%)	7 (2.6)	17 (8.9)	38 (10.5)	0.001
Anemia, n (%)	39 (14.6)	31 (16.1)	113 (31.2)	<0.001
Hyperuricemia, n (%)	36 (13.4)	58 (30.2)	210 (58.0)	<0.001
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%)	63 (23.5)	51 (26.6)	78 (21.5)	0.413
Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%)	111 (41.4)	93 (48.4)	173 (47.8)	0.203
Proteinuria, n (%)	229 (85.4)	162 (84.4)	273 (75.4)	0.002
Hematuria, n (%)	156 (58.2)	82 (42.7)	90 (24.9)	<0.001

Note: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 3. Logistic regression analysis.

Variable	eGFR > 90 (n = 268)	eGFR < 90 (n = 554)	Regression coefficient	95% CI	p-Value
Hyperuricemia	36 (13.4%)	268 (48.4%)	6.090	1.35–2.26	<0.001
Hypertension	79 (29.5%)	407 (73.5%)	3.084	0.73–1.52	<0.001
Age	38.3 ± 15.6	55.3 ± 16.0	1.057	0.04–0.07	<0.001
Anemia	39 (14.6%)	144 (26.0%)	1.848	0.12–1.11	0.015
CVD	26 (9.7%)	207 (37.4%)	1.699	−0.01–1.07	0.054
Cerebral vascular diseases	7 (2.6%)	55 (9.9%)	1.352	−0.60–1.21	0.514
Smoking	51 (19.0%)	172 (31.0%)	1.671	−0.03–1.05	0.063
Proteinuria	229 (85.4%)	435 (78.5%)	1.121	−0.41–0.64	0.667
Male	134 (50.0%)	329 (59.4%)	0.742	−0.74–0.14	0.188
Obesity (BMI > 28)	28 (10.4%)	85 (15.3%)	0.847	−0.73–0.40	0.562
Hypercholesterolemia	63 (23.5%)	129 (23.3%)	0.946	−0.50–0.39	0.805
Diabetes	36 (13.4%)	130 (23.5%)	0.594	−1.06–0.01	0.057
Alcohol consumption	36 (13.4%)	102 (18.4%)	0.605	−1.09–0.08	0.091

Note: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.