Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Saliva of Patients with Renal Failure and Periodontal Disease

Figures & data

Table 1.  Pathological changes within oral cavity and teeth of adult dialyzed patients.

Parameter	Change	Clinical symptom
Saliva pH	↑	↑ mineralization of dental deposits
Saliva secretion	↓	↑ dental plaque formation, ↑ gingivitis and caries
Dental plaque	↑	↑ gingivitis and periodontitis, ↑ caries
Loss of connective tissue attachment	↑/N	deepened gingival pockets, horizontal bone loss,↑ tooth mobility
Alveolar bone atrophy	↑/N	↑ tooth mobility and loss
Loss of permanent teeth	↑	Missing teeth, toothlessness
Caries rate	↑	Inflammatory diseases of the pulp and the bones, loss of teeth
Gingival bleeding	↑	Gingivitis and periodontitis

Note: Symbols: ↑ increase; ↓ decline; N (normal) normal value.^12–22

Table 2.  Basic demographic data of examined individuals.

	HD	CAPD	CRF	PD	Healthy
Number (n)	26	26	28	26	20
Women (n/%)	7/27	12/46	14/50	10/38	8/40
Men (n/%)	19/73	14/54	14/50	16/62	12/60
Age (years)	57 ± 12	51 ± 11	52 ± 17	49 ± 8	46 ± 10
Place of residence
Town/city (n/%)	23/88	18/69	18/64	21/81	15/75
Village (n/%)	3/12	8/31	10/36	5/19	5/25
Education
University (n/%)	2/8	6/23	3/11	3/11	6/30
Secondary (n/%)	8/31	7/27	15/53	16/61	9/45
Primary (n/%)	16/61	13/50	10/36	9/35	5/25

Note: HD, hemodialysis; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; CRF, chronic renal failure; PD, periodontal disease.

Figure 1.  Hepatocyte growth factor in unstimulated mixed saliva—individual values, central measures, and differences among individual groups.

Table 3.  Level of hepatocyte growth factor in saliva.

HGF (ng/mL)
HD	CAPD	CRF	PD	Healthy	χ^2, p
1.06* (0.02–9.65)	0.85* (0.04–3.03)	0.83* (0.02–9.09)	1.87** ± 1.32	0.68* (0–7.33)	10.5, 0.032

Notes: HD, hemodialysis; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; CRF, chronic renal failure; PD, periodontal disease. The bold values mean statistical significance.* and **Denote a median (minimum–maximum) and an arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, respectively.

Table 4.  Significance (p) of correlation between HGF level in saliva and some parameters in patients with renal failure.

	HD	CAPD	CRF
Age	0.896	0.216	0.581
Sex	0.245	0.772	0.216
Place of residence	0.441	0.845	0.174
Education	0.938	0.932	0.776
Dialysis therapy period	0.186	0.801	–
Viral hepatitis B/C^a	0.295	0.727	–
Cardiovascular disease	0.955	0.297	0.249
Diabetes	0.609	0.002	0.069
Arterial hypertension	0.391	0.547	0.847
Erythropoietin therapy	0.218	0.626	–
Antithrombotic drugs^b	0.927	0.730	0.121
Creatinine clearance	–	–	0.602
Leukocytes	0.122	0.897	0.381
Hemoglobin	0.544	0.588	0.993
Thrombocytes	0.605	0.588	0.855
C-reactive protein^c	0.018	–	0.422
Fibrinogen	0.513	0.386	0.888
Albumins	0.503	0.360	0.899
Alanine aminotransferase	0.084	0.929	0.482
Phosphates	0.030	0.090	0.388
Blood pH	0.847	0.313	0.259
in blood	0.862	0.777	0.204

Notes: p Spearman’s regression (two continuous variables) or logistic regression of the type quasi-Newton or Rosenbrock pattern search (dichotomic variable vs. continuous variable: presence of property = 1, male sex = 1, place of residence in a village = 1, university education = 1 vs. primary or secondary = 0). HD, hemodialysis; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; CRF, chronic renal failure; PD, periodontal disease. The bold values mean statistical significance.

^aNot found in patients with CRF.

^bAcetylsalicylic acid or ticlopidine.

^cAll CRP values in CAPD-treated patients below detection ability of the test (6 mg/L).

Figure 2.  Gingival index (GI)—individual values, central measures, and differences among individual groups.

Figure 3.  Papillary bleeding index (PBI)—individual values, central measures, and differences among individual groups.

Table 5.  Periodontal status indices and intergroup differences.

	HD	CAPD	CRF	PD	χ^2, p
GI	1.37 (0–2)	0.95 (0–2)	1 (0–2)	2 (0–2.75)	29.3, <0.0001
PBI	1.45 (0–2.75)	0 (0–2.50)	0 (0–3)	2.20 (0–3.20)	23.0, <0.0001
PI	2.05 (0–3)	1.61 ± 0.91	1 (0–2)	2 (0–3)	2.50, 0.475
CAL (mm)	5.24 ± 2.21	3.65 ± 2.24	2.9 (0–9.4)	4.68 (1.14–10.6)	5.22, 0.156
CAL 0 mm (n/%)	48/12	138/35	225/46	76/14	6.58, 0.086
CAL 1–2 mm (n/%)	34/9	54/13	51/10	89/16	3.22, 0.361
CAL 3–4 mm (n/%)	114/28	115/29	47/9	133/24	18.4, 0.004
CAL ≥ 5 mm (n/%)	203/51	91/23	168/35	258/46	11.3, 0.010

Notes: GI, gingival index; PBI, papillary bleeding index; PI, plaque index; n, number of teeth with particular CAL values; x, number of all teeth examined in the group during the measurement of CAL values (HD x = 399, CAPD x = 398, CRF x = 490, PD x = 556). HD, hemodialysis; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; CRF, chronic renal failure; PD, periodontal disease. The bold values mean statistical significance.

Figure 4.  HGF level in saliva and periodontal status indices in CAPD-treated patients. (A) PI; (B) PBI; and (C) GI.

Figure 5.  HGF levels in saliva and periodontal status indices in patients with PD. (A) PI; (B) PBI; and (C) GI.