Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Parameters Related with Presence of Regular Toothbrushing in Hemodialysis Patients

Figures & data

Table 1.  The baseline demographic characteristics of 135 hemodialysis patients.

Parameter	Total	Group 1 (n = 59)	Group 2 (n = 76)	p
Gender (male/female) (n)	73/62	42/17	31/45	<0.0001**
Age (years)^a	52.4 ± 13.6	46.9 ± 11.9	56.7 ± 13.4	<0.0001***
Hemodialysis duration (months)^a	63.6 ± 53.6	66.0 ± 58.4	61.81 ± 49.9	0.852
Presence of coronary artery disease (yes/no) (n)	43/92	14/45	29/47	0.074**
Presence of hypertension (yes/no) (n)	91/44	38/21	53/23	0.512**
Presence of diabetes (yes/no) (n)	44/91	13/46	31/45	0.021**
Presence of cerebrovascular disease (n)	17/118	3/56	14/62	0.021**
Smoker/non-smoker (n)	41/94	20/39	21/55	0.432**
Presence of transplantation history (yes/no) (n)	8/127	7/52	1/75	0.01**
Educational status (illiterate/primary school/secondary school/tertiary school/university) (n)	41/50/11/25/8	1/25/8/17/8	40/25/3/8/0	<0.0001**
Monthly money income (satisfactory/non-satisfactory)	83/52	40/19	43/33	0.184**
Sleep disturbance (yes/no) (n)	76/59	37/22	39/37	0.185**
Married/non-married (n)	118/17	51/8	67/9	0.765**
Living status (alone or not) (n)	13/122	5/54	8/68	0.689**
Body mass index (kg/m^2)^a	24.4 ± 3.9	23.6 ± 3.4	24.9 ± 4.2	0.05***
Systolic BP (mmHg)^a	134.6 ± 21.1	135.1 ± 24.5	134.2 ± 17.9	0.819
Diastolic BP (mmHg)^a	79.3 ± 9.9	80.5 ± 11.2	78.3 ± 8.5	0.214***

Notes: BP, blood pressure.

^aMean ± standard deviation.

*p-Value depends on Mann–Whitney U test, **p-Value depends on chi-square test, ***p-Value depends on Student’s t test.

Table 2.  The comparative clinical and laboratory data of 135 hemodialysis patients.

	Total	Group 1 (n = 59)	Group 2 (n = 76)	p
Pre-dialysis hemoglobin (g/L)^a	113.0 ± 13.0	116.2 ± 14.1	110.7 ± 116.9	0.015
Pre-dialysis blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)	23.67 ± 6.57	24.42 ± 6.89	23.06 ± 6.28	0.164
Pre-dialysis creatinine (μmol/L)^a	697.5 ± 221.0	743.4 ± 223.7	662.1 ± 213.9	0.034
Pre-dialysis albumin (g/L)^a	36.9 ±.5.8	37.2 ±.5.9	36.6 ±.5.7	0.485
Pre-dialysis serum iron (μmol/L)^a	12.3 ± 5.5	13.4 ± 5.1	11.4 ± 5.7	0.008
Pre-dialysis ferritin (ng/mL)^a	571.5 ± 424.7	516.6 ± 382.5	614.0 ± 452.6	0.200
hs-CRP (mg/dL)^a	4.05 ± 8.0	2.44 ± 2.99	5.25 ± 10.22	0.027
Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)^a	349.3 ± 367.6	395.1 ± 440.3	313.9 ± 298.3	0.520
Pre-dialysis sodium (mmol/L)^a	137.4 ± 2.8	137.3 ± 2.6	137.4 ± 2.9	0.928
Pre-dialysis potassium (mmol/L)^a	5.21 ± 0.65	5.24 ± 0.60	5.18 ± 0.69	0.644
Pre-dialysis glucose (mmol/L)^a	6.90 ± 2.78	6.52 ± 2.19	7.21 ± 3.15	0.514
Pre-dialysis total cholesterol (mmol/L)^a	4.46 ± 1.0	4.35 ± 0.97	4.55 ± 1.01	0.282
Triglyceride (mmol/L)^a	1.96 ± 0.83	2.01.8 ± 0.81	1.93 ± 0.84	0.725
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^a	0.95 ± 0.41	0.89 ± 0.30	0.98 ± 0.48	0.192
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)^a	2.62 ± 0.81	2.53 ± 0.82	2.70 ± 0.81	0.118
Pre-dialysis calcium (mmol/L)^a	2.23 ± 0.23	2.25 ± 0.25	2.20 ± 0.20	0.197
Pre-dialysis phosphorus (mmol/L)^a	1.64 ± 0.51	1.71 ± 0.48	1.59 ± 0.53	0.166
spKt /V^a	1.45 ± 0.25	1.42 ± 0.25	1.47 ± 0.25	0.266

Notes: hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

^aMean ± standard deviation.

Table 3.  The comparative data of quality of life, depression scores, and cognitive function of 135 HD patients.

	Total	Group 1 (n = 59)	Group 2 (n = 76)	p
Physical functioning^a	39.6 ± 20.1	45.5 ± 21.2	35.0 ± 18.1	0.002
Role-physical limitation^a	34.5 ± 26.5	41.8 ± 28.1	28.8 ± 23.9	0.002
Bodily pain^a	25.0 ± 18.2	25.9 ± 17.6	24.3 ± 18.6	0.496
General health perception^a	37.6 ± 21.0	44.2 ± 22.7	32.5 ± 18.1	0.001
Vitality^a	36.2 ± 21.1	42.5 ± 21.7	31.4 ± 19.2	0.001
Social functioning^a	36.0 ± 26.9	42.2 ± 27.8	31.2 ± 25.3	0.018
Role emotional^a	36.1 ± 29.2	42.2 ± 29.3	31.3 ± 28.4	0.017
Mental health^a	43.9 ± 21.0	48.5 ± 21.3	38.7 ± 19.7	0.005
PCS^a	41.0 ± 14.3	45.8 ± 15.9	37.3 ± 11.6	0.002
MCS^a	39.8 ± 17.1	44.5 ± 18.2	36.0 ± 15.2	0.006
BDI score ^a	16.6 ± 10.7	13.2 ± 7.6	19.2 ± 11.9	0.003
SMMSE score^a	22.0 ± 5.1	24.5 ± 4.2	20.1 ± 4.8	<0.0001**

Notes: PCS, physical component summary score of SF-36; MCS, mental component summary score of SF-36; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; SMMSE, standardized mini-mental state examination.

^aMean ± standard deviation.

*p-Value depends on Mann–Whitney U test, **p-Value depends on Student’s t test.

Table 4.  Independent factors related with regular toothbrushing.

	B	Exp (B)	95% Confidence interval	p
BDI score	−0.080	0.923	0.878–0.969	0.001
hs-CRP	−0.103	0.902	0.819–0.994	0.037
Being middle school graduate or higher	1.801	6.060	2.066–17.857	0.001
SMMSE score	0.118	1.124	1.016–1.245	0.023

Notes: Exp (B), odds ratio; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; SMMSE, standardized mini-mental state examination.