Analgesic use, parents’ clan, and coffee intake are three independent risk factors of chronic kidney disease in middle and elderly-aged population: a community-based study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants with and without late-stage CKD^a.

Characteristics	GFR≧60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (N = 17,755, 78.3%)	GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (N = 4910, 21.7%)	p Value
Age (y)	57.24 ± 0.09	66.76 ± 0.15	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	24.68 ± 0.03	25.08 ± 0.05	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	131.87 ± 0.15	138.77 ± 21.03	<0.001
FPG (mg/dL)	101.38 ± 0.25	105.57 ± 0.55	<0.001
Cr (mg/dL)	0.91 ± 0.001	1.33 ± 0.55	<0.001
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	78.81 ± 0.10	50.66 ± 0.12	<0.001

Notes: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

^aAll values are expressed as number (%) or mean ± SE.

Table 2. Comparisons of demographic characteristics on the exposure or non-exposure to analgesics^a.

Characteristics	Not exposed to analgesics (n = 19,265, 85%)	Exposed to analgesics (n = 3400, 15%)	p Value
Age (y)	59.3 ± 0.30	59.4 ± 0.70	0.875
Smoking (%)	26.7	22.9	0.50
Alcohol (%)	12.3	11.1	0.79
DM (%)	6.0	8.0	0.17
HTN (%)	15.0	21.7	<0.01
Female (%)	61.5	48.5	<0.01
BMI (kg/m2)	24.6 ± 0.09	24.7 ± 0.21	0.737
SBP (mmHg)	132.5 ± 0.49	135.2 ± 1.23	<0.05
FPG (mg/dL)	92.5 ± 0.23	91.4 ± 0.51	<0.05
Cr (mg/dl)	0.89 ± 0.00	0.94 ± 0.01	<0.05
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	79.7 ± 0.64	80.6 ± 1.21	0.497

Notes: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

^aAll values are expressed as mean ± SE.

Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis for late-stage CKD.

	OR	95.0% CI	p
Age (y)	1.095	1.079–1.112	<0.001
Female (%)	0.348	0.277–0.438	<0.001
FPG (mg/dL)	1.005	1.002–1.008	0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.135
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	1.001	0.998–1.004	0.468
Uric acid (mg/dL)	1.517	1.431–1.69	<0.001
Analgesics exposure (%)	1.512	1.213–1.885	<0.001

Table 4. Multivariate linear regression analysis for late-stage CKD.

	β	p Value
Analgesic use	−0.102	<0.001
Father's clan from Fujian	−0.192	0.009
Mother’s clan from Fujian	0.210	0.004
Smoking	0.019	0.395
Alcohol consumption	0.040	0.061
Tea consumption	0.024	0.249
Coffee consumption	0.088	<0.001
Betel nut chewing	0.024	0.264

Notes: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 1. Relationship between percent of patients reporting use of analgesics and different education backgrounds. Symbol * indicates significant difference versus eGFR < 60 group, and symbol # indicates significant difference versus low degree of education group (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. Relationship between percent of patient with chronic kidney disease and different education backgrounds. No significant difference vs. exposure group (p > 0.05).

Xue JL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Collins AJ. Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2010. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12(12):2753–2758

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