Serum levels of malondialdehyde, vitamin C and E in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of study selection.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of studies included in this meta-analysis.

Study	Ethnicity	N	Age (year)	Case 1 (mean ± sd)	Case 2 (mean ± sd)	Control (mean ± sd)	Adjustment for confounding factors	Quality score
MDA
Rajbala, 1997	Asian	18/0/42	7.1/ns	6.05 ± 2.00 nmol/ml	–	4.40 ± 1.31 nmol/ml	Age	5
Mathew, 2002	Asian	25/25/25	6.5/7.6/7.6	3.32 ± 0.64 nmol/ml	2.53 ± 0.67 nmol/ml	1.79 ± 0.69 nmol/ml	Age, sex	7
Ece, 2004	Asian	20/20/20	6.9/5.7/6.7	9.6 ± 3.1 nmol/ml	7.0 ± 3.3 nmol/ml	6.6 ± 3.7 nmol/ml	Age, sex	6
El-Melegy, 2008	African	15/25/15	6.7/7.2/7.4	9.37 ± 2.68 nmol/ml	4.94 ± 2.12 nmol/ml	2.27 ± 0.99 nmol/ml	Age, sex	5
Ghodake, 2010	Asian	30/0/30	19–55	3.64 ± 1.37 nmol/ml	–	1.58 ± 0.42 nmol/ml	Age	5
Dwivedi, 2010	Asian	133/0/135	30–80	3.58 ± 0.42 nmol/ml	–	1.56 ± 0.96 nmol/ml	Ns	5
Bafna, 2010	Asian	75/75/50	ns	8.40 ± 2.18 nmol/l	5.12 ± 1.98 nmol/l	2.91 ± 0.67 nmol/l	Ns	6
Ghodake, 2011	Asian	30/0/15	ns	3.40 ± 1.38 nmol/ml	–	1.53 ± 0.45 nmol/ml	Age, sex	6
Vitamin C
Rajbala, 1997	Asian	18/0/42	7.1/ns	0.54 ± 0.16 mg/dl	–	0.60 ± 0.26 mg/dl	Age	5
El-Melegy, 2008	African	15/25/15	6.7/7.2/7.4	0.26 ± 0.03 mg/dl	0.39 ± 0.05 mg/dl	0.52 ± 0.07 mg/dl	Age, sex	5
Ghodake, 2010	Asian	30/0/30	19–55	0.79 ± 0.30 mg/dl	–	0.95 ± 0.31 mg/dl	Age	5
Ghodake, 2011	Asian	30/0/15	ns	0.43 ± 0.27 mg/dl	–	0.70 ± 0.21 mg/dl	Age, sex	6
Vitamin E
Rajbala, 1997	Asian	18/0/42	7.1/ns	0.61 ± 0.24 mg/dl	–	0.68 ± 0.25 nmol/l	Age	5
Mathew, 2002	Asian	25/25/25	6.5/7.6/7.6	1.47 ± 0.46 nmol/l	2.67 ± 0.73 nmol/l	3.23 ± 0.67 nmol/l	Age, sex	7
El-Melegy, 2008	African	15/25/15	6.7/7.2/7.4	0.58 ± 0.12 mg/dl	0.78 ± 0.17 mg/dl	0.93 ± 0.35 mg/dl	Age, sex	5
Ghodake, 2010	Asian	30/0/30	19–55	9.93 ± 1.43 mg/l	–	12.95 ± 1.04 mg/l	Age	5
Ghodake, 2011	Asian	30/0/15	ns	11.90 ± 0.96 mg/l	–	12.33 ± 2.70 mg/l	Age, sex	6

Notes: N: N(case 1/case 2/control), ns: not stated, Age: Age(case 1/case 2/control), Case 1: case in the active stage, Case 2: case in the remission stage.

Figure 2. Comparison of serum MDA level between case 1 and control.

Figure 3. Comparison of serum vitamin C level between case 1 and control.

Figure 4. Comparison of serum vitamin E level between case 1 and control.

Table 2. Meta-analysis of the association of oxidative stress with INS.

Parameter	Studies	Q test p value	Model selected	SMD (95% CI)	p Value
MDA
Case 1 versus Control	8	<10^−4	Random	2.130 (1.511–2.749)	<10^−4
Case 2 versus Control	4	0.005	Random	1.028 (0.438–1.617)	0.001
Vitamin C
Case 1 versus Control	4	<10^−4	Random	−1.449 (−2.616–−0.281)	0.015
Case 2 versus Control	1	–	Fixed	−2.235 (−3.048–−1.421)	<10^−4
Vitamin E
Case 1 versus Control	5	<10^−4	Random	−1.450 (−2.544–−0.356)	0.009
Case 2 versus Control	2	<10^−2	Random	−0.021 (−0.440–0.398)	0.921
Sensitivity analysis
MDA
Case 1 versus Control	6 (children)	<10^−4	Random	2.046 (1.187–2.906)	<10^−4
	2 (adult)	0.058	Random	2.430 (1.765–3.094)	<10^−4
	5 (SSNS)	<10^−4	Random	2.142 (1.107–3.177)	<10^−4
Vitamin C
Case 1 versus Control	3 (children)	<10^−4	Random	−1.902 (−3.754–−0.051)	0.044
	1 (adult)	–	Fixed	−0.525 (−1.040–−0.010)	0.046
	2 (SSNS)	<10^−4	Random	−2.490 (−6.971–1.990)	0.276
Vitamin E
Case 1 versus Control	4 (children)	<10^−4	Random	−1.205 (−2.400–−0.010)	0.048
	1 (adult)	–	Fixed	−2.415 (−3.086–−1.745)	<10^−4
	3 (SSNS)	<10^−4	Random	−1.540 (−3.152–0.072)	0.061

Notes: Case 1: case in the active stage, Case 2: case in the remission stage, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, SSNS: steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.