Association between visit-to-visit clinic blood pressure variability and home blood pressure variability in patients with chronic kidney disease

Figures & data

Table 1. BP parameters of the subjects.

Parameters	Mean (SD)	Median (range)
Mean MSBP, mmHg	135.4 (14.3)^a,b	135 (104–196)
Mean ESBP, mmHg	129.5 (14.4)	129 (99–170)
Mean CSBP, mmHg	129.2 (12.6)	131 (83–188)
The SD of MSBP, mmHg	7.4 (3.6)^b	7.1 (1.6–18.4)
The SD of ESBP, mmHg	8.5 (5.0)^b	7.5 (0.8–28.0)
The SD of CSBP, mmHg	13.4 (5.4)	12.5 (0.7–31.2)
CV of MSBP, %	5.5 (2.6)^b,d	5.2 (1.2–14.1)
CV of ESBP, %	6.7 (3.9)^b	6.1 (0.6–22.0)
CV of CSBP, %	10.4 (3.8)	9.5 (3.0–23.5)
Mean morning diastolic BP, mmHg	75.6 (8.8)^a,b	76 (50–99)
Mean evening diastolic BP, mmHg	70.7 (8.7)	71 (46–96)
Mean clinic diastolic BP, mmHg	71.7 (8.7)	74 (48–116)
The SD of morning diastolic BP, mmHg	4.6 (2.1)^b,c	4.1 (0.4–15.1)
The SD of evening diastolic BP, mmHg	5.2 (2.2)^b	4.9 (0.7–11.0)
The SD of clinic diastolic BP, mmHg	8.0 (2.6)	7.6 (3.4–18.2)
CV of morning diastolic BP, %	6.2 (2.9)^b	5.6 (0.6–17.4)
CV of evening diastolic BP, %	6.7 (3.9)^b	6.2 (0.6–22.0)
CV of clinic diastolic BP, %	11.3 (3.7)	10.8 (0.5–23.6)
Mean morning heart rate, bpm	69.1 (10.2)	69 (45–102)
Mean evening heart rate, bpm	71.3 (9.8)	71 (46–94)
Mean clinic heart rate, bpm	77.8 (11.5)	77 (44–111)

Notes: bpm, beats per minute.

^ap < 0.001 versus evening.

^bp < 0.001 versus clinic.

^cp < 0.01 versus evening.

^dp < 0.05 versus evening.

Table 2. Univariate correlations between the coefficient variation of CSBP and clinical variables.

	r	p Value
Age	0.16	0.06
Gender (female = 0, male = 1)	0.27	0.001
Numbers of antihypertensive drugs	0.23	0.006
Changes of antihypertensive drugs (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.31	0.001
Diabetic nephropathy (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.17	0.045
eGFR	−0.08	0.35
Urinary protein excretion	0.23	0.01
Mean CSBP	0.08	0.34
Mean MSBP	0.23	0.007
Mean ESBP	0.20	0.02
CV of MSBP	0.19	0.02
CV of ESBP	0.31	<0.001

Figure 1. Correlations between the CV values of CSBP and those of MSBP and ESBP.

Table 3. Clinical variables and BP parameters of the groups according to the quartiles of the coefficient variation of CSBP.

	1 (<8.0) n = 33	2 (8.0–9.3) n = 35	3 (9.4–12.3) n = 37	4 (≥12.4) n = 38	p-Value 1 (lowest) versus 4 (highest)
CV of CSBP (%)	6.1 ± 1.4	8.8 ± 0.4	10.6 ± 0.8	15.5 ± 2.7	<0.001
Age (years)	70 ± 14	69 ± 8	68 ± 10	74 ± 9	0.53
Numbers of antihypertensive drugs	1.9 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 1.0	2.2 ± 1.2	2.7 ± 1.2	0.02
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	23 ± 14	30 ± 20	30 ± 20	23 ± 16	1.00
Urinary protein excretion (g/day)	0.95 ± 1.08 (n = 30)	1.18 ± 1.27 (n = 31)	1.20 ± 1.07 (n = 31)	1.60 ± 2.02 (n = 31)	1.00
Mean CSBP (mmHg)	130 ± 12	126 ± 13	128 ± 11	132 ± 14	1.00
Mean MSBP (mmHg)	132 ± 12	134 ± 14	135 ± 14	140 ± 16	0.12
Mean ESBP (mmHg)	124 ± 13	129 ± 15	130 ± 13	134 ± 15	0.03
CV of MSBP (%)	4.5 ± 2.7	5.8 ± 2.6	5.7 ± 2.3	5.7 ± 2.9	0.36
CV of ESBP (%)	6.1 ± 2.8	6.2 ± 3.3	6.3 ± 3.1	7.9 ± 5.4	0.26

Table 4. Multivariate regression analysis between the coefficient variation of CSBP and clinical variables (n = 123).

	CV of CSBP Model 1		CV of CSBP Model 2
Dependent variables	β	p Value	β	p
Age	0.17	0.07	0.14	0.09
Gender (female = 0, male = 1)	−0.19	0.04	−0.22	0.01
Numbers of antihypertensive drugs	0.08	0.39	0.08	0.36
Changes of antihypertensive drugs (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.15	0.10	0.12	0.17
Diabetic nephropathy (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.12	0.21	0.14	0.10
eGFR	−0.03	0.70	−0.04	0.66
Urinary protein excretion	0.14	0.14	0.12	0.19
Mean CSBP	0.07	0.47	0.07	0.42
Mean MSBP	−0.02	0.85
CV of MSBP	0.03	0.03
Mean ESBP			0.03	0.80
CV of ESBP			0.34	< 0.001
R^2		0.21		0.29