Paricalcitol may improve oxidative DNA damage on experimental amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity model

Figures & data

Table 1. Renal function parameters in the four treatment groups (n = 8 each).

	Control group (group C)	Amikacin group (group A)	Paricalcitol + amikacin group (group A + P)	Paricalcitol group (group P)
Creatinine clearance (mL/min/mg)	8.32 ± 1.24	4.96 ± 0.75	6.48 ± 0.69^a	8.04 ± 1.06
Fractional excretion of sodium (%)	0.20 ± 0.10	1.74 ± 0.44	0.97 ± 0.40^b	0.41 ± 0.02

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

^ap = 0.026, group A + P versus group A (ANOVA followed by Mann–Whitney U test). ^bp < 0.001, group A + P versus group A (ANOVA followed by Mann–Whitney U test).

Table 2. Oxidative stress biomarkers of four treatment groups (n = 8 each).

	Control group (group C)	Amikacin group (group A)	Paricalcitol + amikacin group (group A + P)	Paricalcitol group (group P)
MDA (nmol/g protein)	16.74 ± 3.18	34.47 ± 6.08	21.18 ± 4.96^a	17.04 ± 2.60
8-OHdG/dG	0.63 ± 0.48	2.49 ± 1.14	0.94 ± 0.34^b	0.65 ± 0.07
SOD (U/g protein)	48.80 ± 9.22	31.41 ± 12.14	40.05 ± 7.24^a	47.19 ± 10.62
GSH-Px (U/g protein)	32.16 ± 7.74	19.08 ± 6.04	28.45 ± 5.84^a	32.02 ± 5.92

MDA: malondialdehyde; 8-OHdG/Dg: 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine/deoxyguanosine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

a p < 0.05, group A + P versus group A (ANOVA followed by Mann–Whitney U test). ^bp < 0.001, group A + P versus group A (ANOVA followed by Mann–Whitney U test).

Figure 1. Renal histology of the study groups (haematoxylin and eosin staining, original magnification, x400). Normal histology in (a) control and (c) paricalcitol groups. (b) Tubular necrosis areas and proteinaceous casts of Group A. (d) Healthy tubular cells of Group A + P.

Table 3. Histology and immunohistochemistry in the four treatment groups (n = 8 each).

	Control group (group C)	Amikacin group (group A)	Paricalcitol + amikacin group (group A + P)	Paricalcitol group (group P)
Tubular necrosis	0.64 ± 0.76	2.25 ± 0.53	1.47 ± 0.51^a	0.72 ± 0.89
Proteinaceous cast	0.55 ± 0.48	2.87 ± 0.65	1.96 ± 1.28^a	0.46 ± 0.74
Medullary congestion	0.48 ± 0.35	3.02 ± 0.82	1.87 ± 0.64^a	0.52 ± 0.70
VEGF score	0.50 ± 0.52	2.62 ± 0.44	1.25 ± 0.53^a	0.54 ± 0.25

VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

a p < 0.05, group A + P versus group A (Kruskal–Wallis followed by Mann–Whitney U test).

Figure 2. Immunoexpression of VEGF in the four treatment groups (X400). No VEGF expression in the renal tubular cells in the (a) control, (c) paricalcitol and (d) paricalcitol treated amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity groups. (b) Intense expression of VEGF of amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity group.