Abnormal circadian blood pressure regulation in children with nocturnal enuresis

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic features of the study group and the controls.

	Study group (mean ± SD)	Control group (mean ± SD)	p
Age (years)	7.9 ± 2.2	8.7 ± 2.6	NS
Height (cm)	128 ± 10.3	126 ± 13.6	NS
Weight (kg)	28.1 ± 8.7	29.5 ± 9.7	NS
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	16.7 ± 2.6	17.9 ± 2.6	NS

Notes: SD: Standard deviation; NS: not significant.

Table 2. Laboratory data of the study group.

	Mean ± SD	Normal range
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	85.2 ± 7.4	60–100
BUN (mg/dL)	11.2 ± 2.23	6–21
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.53 ± 0.04	0.3–1
Uric acid(mg/dL)	2.61 ± 0.61	2–6.1
Na (mmol/L)	137.7 ± 2.03	132–145
K (mmol/L)	4.3 ± 0.35	3.5–5.2
Ca (mg/dL)	9.7 ± 0.34	8.8–10.8
Hb (g/dL)	12.9 ± 1.04	12–15
fT4 (ng/mL)	1.26 ± 0.19	0.8–1.76
TSH (uIU/mL)	1.96 ± 0.83	0.35–4.94
Plasma osmolality (mosm/kg)	288 ± 12.4	275–295
Urine osmolality (mosm/kg)	786 ± 167.3	300–900
Glomerular filtration rate (mL/1.73 m^2/min)	114.5 ± 31.6	100 ± 25
Fe-Na excretion (%)	0.51 ± 0.23	0.63 ± 0.21
Urinary protein excretion (mg/m^2/h)	1.54 ± 1.19	<4

Notes: SD: standard deviation; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Hb: hemoglobin; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; fT4: free tetraiodothyroinine.

Table 3. Mean 24-h, daytime, and night-time blood pressures of patient and control groups.

	24 h BP		Daytime BP		Night-time BP
	Systolic	Diastolic	Systolic	Diastolic	Systolic	Diastolic
mmHg
Patient group	108.3 ± 7.02	65.7 ± 4.94	111.1 ± 7.64	69.1 ± 5.5	102.7 ± 6.9	59.6 ± 5.4
Control group	103 ± 6.13	64 ± 3.7	106.4 ± 7.53	68.4 ± 4.8	96.2 ± 5.7	56.1 ± 4.0
p-Values	0.005	0.15	0.025	0.6	<0.001	0.008
SDS
Patient group	0.26 ± 0.95	−0.11 ± 0.87	−0.09 ± 0.97	−0.5 ± 0.89	0.86 ± 0.81	0.81 ± 0.93
Control group	−0.61 ± 0.82	−0.42 ± 0.67	−0.79 ± 1.02	−0.61 ± 0.76	−0.19 ± 0.78	0.07 ± 0.69
p-Values	0.001	0.14	0.012	0.63	<0.001	0.002

Notes: 24-h BP: 24 h blood pressure measurements; day time BP: daytime blood pressure measurement; night-time BP: night-time blood pressure measurement. p-Values <0.05 denote statistical significance and are indicated in bold.

Figure 1. (a) SDS score of BP and urinary incontinence frequency per week. (b) SDS score of BP and nightly urinary incontinence number. SP: systolic pressure; DP: diastolic pressure; SDS: standard deviation score.