Short-term chamber exposure to low doses of two kinds of wood smoke does not induce systemic inflammation, coagulation or oxidative stress in healthy humans

Figures & data

Table 1. Timing of breath, blood and urine sampling in the first subject. A new subject started the schedule every 10 min.

Day of exposure:
Samples #1
– Urine*	At home
– Breath and blood	07.00
– Enter exposure chamber	08.30
– Leave exposure chamber	11.30
Samples #2
– Urine†	11.35
– Lunch	13.00
– Breath and blood	15.30
Samples #3 – next morning
– Urine*	At home
– Breath and blood	07.00
Samples #4 – morning the second day
– Urine*	At home
– Breath and blood	07.00

*Timed from bedtime to morning.

†Timed from start to end of exposure.

Table 2. Time weighted averages of the exposure measurements in all sessions. More details are presented in Stockfelt et al. (2012).

	Filtered air session			Start-up session			Burn-out session
	N	Mean	SD	N	Mean	SD	N	Mean	SD
PM2.5 (µg/m^3) (TEOM)	C	8.4	2.0	C	221*	121	C	148	48
PM† mass (µg/m^3)	7	<15		16**	295	43	17	146	15
PM1 (#/cm^3)	C	2900	770	C	140 000	83 000	C	100 000	51 000
Ultrafine particles (%)	C	55	5.8	C	68	21	C	40	15
Geometric diameter (nm)					38	1.7		83	1.5
Trace elements (ng/m^3)
K	6	<1500		6	9700	4500	6	8800	1200
Zn	6	70	14	6	2400	720	6	3100	340
Particulate PAHs (ng/m^3)
Benzo(b)fluoranthene	3	0.03	0.05	6	20	6	6	4.9	1.3
Benzo(k)fluoranthene	3	<0.01		6	23	8.6	6	4.5	1.1
Benzo(a)pyrene	3	0.01	0.006	6	36	15	6	4.8	1.6
Perylene	3	<0.01		6	5.5	2.1	6	1.1	0.26
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene	3	0.02	0.02	6	49	14	6	14	2.3
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene	3	<0.01		6	41	9.6	6	11	1.4
VOCs (µg/m^3)
Benzene	3	2.0	0.20	3	33	0.78	3	21	1.1
1,3-Butadiene	3	0.16	0.02	3	8.5	0.17	3	4.2	0.11
Naphthalene	2	1.6	0.08	3	10	0.79	3	4.1	0.60
Formaldehyde	2	11	0	3	94	4.7	3	81	9.5
Acetaldehyde	2	13	0	3	71	4.2	3	37	4.4
Gaseous (ppm)
NO	C	0.08	0.02	C	0.14	0.10	C	0.30	0.07
NO2	C	0.01	0.004	C	0.03	0.01	C	0.05	0.02
CO	C	0.73	0.04	C	5.6	2.0	C	15	5.1
Other
Air temperature (°C)	C	22	1.2	C	22	1.3	C	22	1.4
Relative humidity (%)	C	49	2.2	C	50	1.5	C	29	2.7

C, continuous measurements.

*Registration missing for half an hour.

**One sample omitted due to leakage.

†Mean of PM₁ and PM2.5.

Table 3. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation, coagulation and lipid peroxidation. Medians (ranges) in serum, plasma and urine in the filtered air session and the two sessions of wood smoke exposure at all sample times. For timing of samples see Table 1, N = 13.

Parameter	Before	After filtered air			Before	After start-up smoke			Before	After burn-out smoke
Sample #	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
IL-6	0.77	0.75	0.61	0.73	0.67	0.77	0.66	0.74	0.66	0.83	0.66	0.58
(plasma, pg/ml)	(0.28–1.14)	(0.33–1.81)	(0.32–2.31)	(0.20–1.03)	(0.38–1.44)	(0.22–1.34)	(0.35–0.93)	(0.24–1.84)	(0.42–1.72)	(0.42–1.33)	(0.15–1.29)	(0.11–1.58)
TNF-α	0.99	0.75	0.97	0.90	1.01	0.94	0.96	0.99	1.00	0.88	0.95	1.04
(plasma, pg/ml)	(0.79–1.36)	(0.33–1.81)	(0.76–1.48)	(0.84–1.51)	(0.85–1.24)	(0.75–1.32)	(0.88–1.56)	(0.80–1.48)	(0.78–1.87)	(0.72—1.66)	(0.80–1.50)	(0.81–1.30)
SAA	1.6	1.8	2.0	1.7	1.8	1.5	1.8	1.9	2.5	1.7	2.2	2.4
(serum, mg/L)	(0.27–21)	0.77–7.3)	(0.78–8.8)	(0.72–8.5)	(0.85–13)	(0.75–20)	(0.8–12)	(0.77–15)	(1.1–44)	(0.52–8.1)	(0.63–8.7)	(0.66–16)
Leukocytes	5.6	7.1	5.6	6.2	5.6	6.6	5.6	5.6	5.9	6.6	5.6	5.7
(blood, ×10^9/L)	(4.2–7.3)	(5.6–8.3)	(4.5–8)	(4.2–8.6)	(3.1–9.7)	(5.1–8.2)	(4.1–7.4)	(3.6–8.8)	(3.8–7.7)	(4.8–8.1)	(4.2–7.2)	(3.8–7.4)
CRP	0.87	0.76	0.62	0.62	0.64	0.60†	0.52	0.63	0.84	0.74	0.72	0.69
(serum, mg/L)	(0.1–2.3)	(0.1–2.1)	(0.1–1.7)	(0.1–1.7)	(0.1–2.9)	(0.16–2.4)	(0.16–2.1)	(0.17–1.7)	(0.16–2.2)	(0.1–2.8)	(0.15–2.4)	(0.18–2.5)
sP-selectin	71	70	69	77	81	68	73	74	77	60	64	72
(serum, ng/mL)	(44–126)	30–105)	(31–99)	(32–99)	(35–109)	(35–106)	(31–103)	(36–102)	50–105)	(43–98)	(42–87)	(53–86)
sICAM-1	113	106	108	110	115	103	106	105	113	103	110	110*
(serum, ng/mL)	(47–148)	(46–129)	(54–135)	(42–136)	(40–147)	(42–141)	(41–144)	(43–146)	(43–142)	(45–140)	(44–134)	(50–143)
sVCAM-1	604	601	566	578	620	618†	600	619	651	637†	611	634
(serum, ng/mL)	(398–887)	(380–886)	(410–899)	(411–950)	(416–936)	(339–916)	(450–882)	(442–876)	(420–885)	(394–832)	(453–891)	(481–1000)
FVII	1.02	0.89	0.97	0.96	1.04	0.94	0.97	0.97	0.88	0.85*	0.87	0.95*
(plasma, kIU/L)	(0.74–1.5)	(0.58–1.3)	(0.59–1.4)	(0.67–1.4)	(0.71–1.4)	(0.64–1.4)	(0.68–1.4)	(0.64–1.3)	(0.65–1.3)	(0.64–1.2)	(0.71–1.4)	(0.72–1.5)
FVIII	1.1	1.2	1	1.1	1.1	1†	1.2	1.2	0.9	1.4	1.2*	1.1
(plasma, kIU/L)	(0.44–1.4)	(0.32–2.1)	(0.4–1.6)	(0.38–1.7)	(0.41–1.6)	(0.45–1.8)	(0.48–1.7)	(0.49–2)	(0.4–1.5)	(0.51–2.7)	(0.42–1.7)	(0.45–1.9)
vWf	1.2	1.2	1	1.1	1	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.1	1.2	1	1
(plasma, kIU/L)	(0.36–1.6)	(0.3–2.1)	(0.38–1.5)	(0.36–1.7)	(0.28–1.4)	(0.28–1.2)	(0.37–1.2)	(0.29–1.5)	(0.43–1.6)	(0.42–1.6)	(0.32–1.4)	(0.33–1.5)
Fibrinogen	2.6	2.5	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.5†	2.5	2.6	2.5†	2.7†	2.7
(plasma, g/L)	(1.9–3.5)	(1.8–3.4)	(1.7–3.7)	(1.7–3.5)	(2.1–3.4)	(1.9–3.5)	(2–3.5)	(1.9–3.6)	(2.1–3.6)	(1.7–3.4)	(1.8–3.5)	(1.9–3.6)
Platelets	251	246	239	234	259	269	250†	255	282	264†	256†	267
(blood, ×10^9/L)	(173–313)	(142–331)	(160–320)	(178–333)	(179–346)	(180–232)	(180–320)	(183–315)	(179–386)	(172–345)	(166–333)	(180–396)
d-dimer	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.16	0.20	0.17	0.18	0.15†	0.16	0.16	0.17	0.16
(plasma, mg/L)	(0.09–0.28)	(0.1–0.29)	(0.09–0.29)	(0.08–0.34)	(0.09–0.36)	(0.1–0.31)	(0.09–0.29)	(0.08–0.32)	(0.09–0.48)	(0.1–0.93)	(0.1–0.39)	(0.09–0.36)
8-iso-PGF2α/creatinine	0.47	0.82	0.57	0.59	0.67	0.82	0.46	0.50†	0.50	0.59	0.17†	0.41†
(urine, nmol/mmol crea)	(0.33–0.94)	(0.42–1.7)	(0.39–1.3)	(0.39–1.2)	(0.31–1.7)	(0.33–1.5)	(0.34–1.5)	(0.32–1.1)	(0.36–0.81)	(0.37–1.4)	(0.05–0.52)	(0.15–0.66)

*Significant increase (two-sided p value <0.05) compared to filtered air exposure.

†Significant decrease (two-sided p value <0.05) compared to filtered air exposure.

Figure 1. Median changes (Δ) from baseline and 90% CI for fibrinogen in plasma at all sample times in the filtered air session and both wood smoke sessions. †Significant net decrease after wood smoke exposure compared to after filtered air.

Figure 2. Median changes (Δ) from baseline and 90% CI for the coagulation factors VII (A) and VIII (B) at all sample times in the filtered air session and both wood smoke session. *Significantly net increase after wood smoke exposure; †Significant net decrease after wood smoke exposure compared to after filtered air.

Figure 3. Median changes (Δ) from baseline and 90% CI for 8-iso-PGF_2α in urine corrected for creatinine concentrations at all sample times in the filtered air session and both wood smoke sessions. †Significant net decrease after wood smoke exposure compared to after filtered air.

Stockfelt L, Sallsten G, Olin A-C, et al. (2012). Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans. Inhal Toxicol 24:47–59

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