Translation into Greek and initial validity and reliability testing of a modified version of the SCIM III, in both English and Greek, for self-use

Figures & data

Figure 1. Forward translation from English into Greek. PI, principal investigator.

Figure 2. Back translation from Greek into English. PI, principal investigator.

Table 1. List of major words or phrases that underwent review and changes during the translation process.

Word/phrase in English	Options under consideration (in Greek) of the same word/phrase	Final chosen word/phrase in Greek
(holding) cup	(κράτημα) “ποτηριού” or “ϕλυτζανιού”	(κράτημα) “ϕλυτζανιού”
(sphincter) management	“διαχɛίρηση” or “έλɛγχος” (σϕικτήρων)	“διαχɛίρηση σϕιγκτήρα”
; (symbol of semicolon)	“:” or “.” (in Greek the symbol of semicolon is used as the symbol for the question mark)
adjustment of clothes	“προσαρμογή” or “τακτοποίηση” (ρούχων)	“τακτοποίηση ρούχων”
applying drainage instrument	“ɛϕαρμογή παροχɛτɛυτικής συσκɛυής”	“ɛϕαρμογή συσκɛυής παροχέτɛυσης”
arm rest	“μπράτσο” or “βραχίονας”	“βραχίονας”
bathing	“πλύσιμο” or “λούσιμο”	“μπάνιο”
Devices	“βοηθημάτα” or “συσκɛυές”	“βοηθήματα”
dressing	“ντύσιμο” or “ένδυση”	“ντύσιμο”
external drainage instrument	“ɛξωτɛρική παροχɛτɛυτική συσκɛυή”	“ɛξωτɛρική συσκɛυή παροχέτɛυσης”
fully assisted oral feeding	“στοματική σίτιση μɛ πλήρη βοήθɛια”	“πλήρως υποβοηθούμɛνη σίτηση από το στόμα”
grooming	“ατομική πɛριποίηση”	“πɛριποίηση”
handrail	“κουπαστή” or “κιγκλίδωμα” or “χɛρούλι σκάλας” or “κάγκɛλο σκάλας”	“κάγκɛλο της σκάλας”
intermittent	“διαλɛίπων” or “πɛριοδικός”	“διαλɛίποντας”
leg orthosis	“κηδɛμόνας” or “ορθωτήρας ποδιού”	“μηροκνημοποδικός κηδɛμόνας”
push-ups (in wheelchair)	“ανακάθισμα” (στο αναπηρικό αμαξίδιο)	“ανασήκωμα” (στο αναπηρικό αμαξίδιο)
specific setting	“ɛιδικά (προσαρμοσμένο) πɛριβάλλον” or “ɛιδική διαρύθμιση χώρου”	“ɛιδικά προσαρμοσμένο πɛριβάλλον”
toilet wheelchair	(SCIM developers confirmed that a “toilet wheelchair” is “a wheelchair specially designed to access the toilet room”) “ɛνσωματωμένη τουαλέτα” or “καρότσι τουαλέτα”	“αναπηρικό αμαξιδίο τουαλέτας”
Unable	“ανικανότητα” or “δɛν μπορɛί” or “στɛρɛίται ικανότητας"	“στɛρούμαι ικανότητας”
upper body”	“ανω μέρος σώματος” or “άνω κορμός”	“ανω μέρος σώματος”
wash independently	“πλένɛται ανɛξάρτητα” or “ανɛξάρτητος/-η μɛ πλύσιμο”	“πλένομαι ανɛξάρτητα”
washing (body)	“πλύσιμο” or “ξέβγαλμα”	“πλύσιμο”
wearing	It was agreed with SCIM developers that the word “wearing” was not different to the word “dressing” (also used in the same sentence) therefore only the word “dressing” was translated
with (meaning “with the use of”)	“μɛ τη χρήση” or “χρησιμοποιώντας”	“χρησιμοποιώντας”

Table 2. Principal component analysis.

	KMO test^a		Bartlett’s test^b		Number of factors extracted
	GR-SCIM	SCIM	GR-SCIM	SCIM	GR-SCIM	SCIM
Subscales	III	III	III	III	III	III
Self-care (6 items)	0.78	0.89	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	1	1
Respiration & sphincter management (4 items)	0.55^c	0.60	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	1	1
Mobility in room & toilet (3 items)	0.67	0.73	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	1	1
Mobility indoors & outdoors (6 items)	0.89	0.85	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	1	1
Sum of all 4 subscales (4 items)	0.80	0.75	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	1	1

^aCut offs for KMO are: <0.5 not accepted, 0.7–0.8 good, 0.8–0.9 excellent, >0.9 superb.

^bBartlett’s test needs to be <0.05.

^cThe item “respiration” was <0.55 (0.42).

Table 3. Cronbach’s alpha.

	Item total correlation^a		Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted^b
Item	GR-SCIM	SCIM	GR-SCIM	SCIM
Self-care subscale	α = 0.90	α = 0.92
Feeding	0.54	0.68	0.91	0.92
Bathing upper body	0.77	0.84	0.88	0.90
Bathing lower body	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.89
Dressing upper body	0.86	0.88	0.86	0.89
Dressing lower body	0.80	0.87	0.88	0.90
Grooming	0.73	0.76	0.88	0.91
Respiration & sphincter management	α = 0.59	α = 0.40
Respiration	0.17	0.28	0.65	0.37
Bladder management	0.51	0.26	0.44	0.38
Bowel management	0.39	0.19	0.51	0.37
Use of toilet	0.65	0.42	0.38	0.25
Mobility in room & toilet	α = 0.83	α = 0.77
Mobility in bed	0.73	0.78	0.98	0.94
Transfer bed-wheelchair	0.86	0.84	0.70	0.66
Transfer wheelchair-toilet-tub	0.84	0.83	0.72	0.65
Mobility indoors & outdoors	α = 0.91	α = 0.87
Mobility indoors	0.94	0.87	0.86	0.81
Mobility moderate distances	0.96	0.90	0.86	0.80
Mobility outdoors	0.92	0.75	0.87	0.83
Stair management	0.90	0.86	0.88	0.84
Transfer wheelchair-car	0.79	0.61	0.91	0.87
Transfer ground-wheelchair	0.77	0.52	0.92	0.88
Sums of subscales	α = 0.78	α = 0.79
Self-care	0.73	0.73	0.69	0.68
Respiration & sphincter management	0.57	0.59	0.74	0.75
Mobility room & toilet	0.76	0.77	0.78	0.75
Mobility indoors & outdoors	0.77	0.59	0.68	0.78

^aItem total correlation is the correlation between each item and the total score or the subscale.

^bThe value of alpha if the particular item was deleted from the analysis.

Table 4. Descriptive characteristics of SCIM and GR-SCIM subscales and items.

	N		Mean		SD		Median		Min–Max
Task	SCIM	GR-SCIM	SCIM	GR-SCIM	SCIM	GR-SCIM	SCIM	GR-SCIM	SCIM	GR-SCIM
Feeding	174	45	2.6	2.8	0.6	0.5	3	3	0–3	1–3
Bathing upper body	172	41	2.1	2.2	0.9	0.9	2	2	0–3	0–3
Bathing lower body	169	45	2.0	2.0	1.0	1.0	2	2	0–3	0–3
Dressing upper body	173	45	3.0	2.3	1.4	1.3	4	3	0–4	0–4
Dressing lower body	170	45	2.9	2.6	1.5	1.5	4	3	0–4	0–4
Grooming	174	44	2.5	2.7	0.9	1.4	3	3	0–3	0–3
Total self-care^a	174	45	15.1	14.5	5.7	5.1	18	16	0–20	2–20
Respiration	174	45	9.9	10.0	1.2	0.3	10	10	0–10	8–10
Sphincter management – bladder	172	43	9.9	13.6	4.9	3.5	11	15	0–15	0–15
Sphincter management – bowel	173	44	6.0	7.9	3.4	2.9	8	8	0–10	0–10
Use toilet	173	43	3.5	3.8	1.8	1.8	4	5	0–5	0–5
Total respiration & sphincter management^b	174	45	29.1	34.3	7.5	7.5	30	38	0–40	11–40
Mobility in bed	174	45	4.9	5.2	2.0	1.4	6	6	0–6	0–6
Transfer bed – wheelchair	172	40	1.6	1.6	0.7	0.7	2	2	0–2	0–2
Transfer wheelchair – toilet – tub	174	43	1.5	1.6	0.7	0.6	2	2	0–2	0–2
Total Mobility in room & toilet^c	174	45	7.9	8.2	3.2	2.5	10	10	0–10	0–10
Mobility indoors	173	45	3.9	5.6	2.5	2.6	2	6	0–8	0–8
Mobility moderate distance	173	43	3.6	5.2	2.5	2.7	2	6	0–8	0–8
Mobility outdoors	173	44	2.9	4.7	2.3	2.6	2	6	0–8	0–8
Stair management	173	44	1.2	1.8	1.1	1.3	2	2	0–3	0–3
Transfer wheelchair – car	173	44	1.4	1.6	0.7	0.7	2	2	0–2	0–3
Transfer ground – wheelchair	173	44	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	1	1	0–6	0–1
Total mobility indoors & outdoors^d	174	45	13.5	19.0	8.5	9.9	11	23	0–30	0–30
Total SCIM^e	174	45	65.5	76.1	20.6	21.3	68	82	3–100	28–100

SCIM, Spinal Cord Independence Measure.

^aScore can range from 0 to 20.

^bScore can range from 0 to 40.

^cScore can range from 0 to 10.

^dScore can range from 0 to 30.

^eScore can range from 0 to 100.