School burnout and cardiovascular functioning in young adult males: a hemodynamic perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic representation of a typical aortic pulse pressure waveform. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; AP: augmentation pressure; P1: pressure of the first systolic peak; P2: pressure of the second systolic peak; Tr: transit time of the reflected wave; ED: systolic ejection duration.

Table 1. Health characteristics.

Variable	B (n = 20)	NB (n = 20)
Height (cm)	176.30 ± 8.52	177.61 ± 6.14
Weight (kg)	81.50 ± 15.21	80.34 ± 12.51
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.58 ± 4.00	25.31 ± 4.07
Age (years)	21.20 ± 2.46	21.43 ± 2.79

Data are M ± SD. B: burnout group; NB: non-burnout group; BMI: body mass index. Independent samples t tests examined health characteristic differences.

Table 2. Hemodynamic responses to cold pressor test (4 °C) between B and NB groups.

	B			NB
Variable	BASE	CPT	REC	BASE	CPT	REC
HR (bpm)	62.70 ± 7.66	67.90 ± 8.49	62.00 ± 10.66	61.40 ± 11.66	64.75 ± 9.23	58.25 ± 9.09
BSBP (mmHg)	112.60 ± 8.78	143.70 ± 17.41	121.10 ± 14.51	114.63 ± 5.82	133.25 ± 11.82	116.63 ± 6.17
BDBP (mmHg)	70.50 ± 9.17	94.60 ± 13.67	76.30 ± 9.73	67.75 ± 6.40	81.88 ± 8.62	66.25 ± 6.57
BMAP (mmHg)	84.53 ± 8.38	110.97 ± 14.26	91.23 ± 10.29	83.38 ± 4.94	99.00 ± 8.18	83.04 ± 4.42
ASBP (mmHg)	96.50 ± 8.42	130.60 ± 20.02	105.80 ± 12.23	97.31 ± 4.16	116.50 ± 10.55	97.75 ± 4.25
ADBP (mmHg)	71.60 ± 9.28	95.90 ± 13.65	77.20 ± 9.83	68.48 ± 6.46	83.00 ± 8.72	67.13 ± 6.74
AMAP (mmHg)	79.90 ± 8.70	107.47 ± 15.13	86.73 ± 9.32	78.09 ± 5.33	94.17 ± 8.40	77.33 ± 55.19
AP@75 (%)	1.40 ± 1.83	5.60 ± 5.28	0.70 ± 1.53	0.90 ± 3.02	2.50 ± 1.46	1.38 ± 2.36
AIx@75 (%)	−5.10 ± 6.50	14.60 ± 11.33	1.70 ± 5.43	−2.79 ± 10.26	7.38 ± 6.13	−4.50 ± 8.12
P1 (mmHg)	95.70 ± 8.73	123.50 ± 14.98	102.70 ± 11.64	95.50 ± 4.50	112.13 ± 8.46	96.25 ± 3.17
P2 (mmHg)	95.75 ± 8.12	130.60 ± 20.02	105.60 ± 12.30	96.50 ± 3.96	116.50 ± 10.55	97.13 ± 4.66
Tr (ms)	152.20 ± 14.97	139.40 ± 9.45	144.30 ± 6.81	147.88 ± 7.92	145.13 ± 5.83	151.25 ± 10.92
STI (mmHg/s.min^−1)	1557.80 ± 227.59	2301.90 ± 478.79	1709.50 ± 290.10	1529.63 ± 222.25	1998.25 ± 224.44	1500.00 ± 151.01
DTI (mmHg/s.min^−1)	3418.90 ± 328.31	4364.80 ± 550.34	3703.90 ± 432.90	3365.84 ± 296.40	3898.13 ± 416.40	3364.38 ± 253.97
SVI (%)	222.20 ± 24.98	195.00 ± 33.03	221.00 ± 35.97	225.63 ± 40.03	196.88 ± 26.33	226.88 ± 28.67

Data are mean ± SD. B: burnout group; NB: non-burnout group; BASE: baseline; CPT: cold pressor test; REC: recovery; HR: heart rate; BSBP: brachial systolic blood pressure; BDBP: brachial diastolic blood pressure; BMAP: brachial mean arterial pressure; ASBP: aortic systolic blood pressure; ADBP: aortic diastolic blood pressure; AMAP: aortic mean arterial pressure; AP@75: augmentation pressure adjusted at 75 bpm; AIx @75: augmentation index adjusted at 75 bpm; P1: first systolic peak pressure; P2: second systolic peak pressure; Tr: reflection time; STI: systolic time interval; DTI: diastolic time interval; SVI: subendocardial viability index.

Table 3. Contrasts analyses of hemodynamic values.

	Contrast 1		Contrast 2		Contrast 3		Contrast 4		Contrast 5		Contrast 6
	BASE		BASE vs. CPT		BASE vs. CPT		CPT		BASE vs. REC		BASE vs. REC
	B vs. NB		B		NB		B vs. NB		B		NB
Variable	Contrast F	Partial η^2	Contrast F	Partial η^2	Contrast F	Partial η^2	Contrast F	Partial η^2	Contrast F	Partial η^2	Contrast F	Partial η^2
HR (bpm)	0.16	0.005	39.95***	0.678	4.96*	0.226	1.13	0.032	0.45	0.023	6.39*	0.299
BSBP (mmHg)	0.63	0.018	106.17***	0.848	66.41***	0.796	4.20*	0.110	18.44***	0.493	1.10	0.068
BDBP (mmHg)	1.03	0.029	599.00***	0.969	339.67***	0.952	10.50**	0.236	21.05***	0.526	2.65	0.150
BMAP (mmHg)	0.24	0.007	161.50***	0.895	71.97***	0.809	8.90**	0.207	22.37***	0.541	0.14	0.009
ASBP (mmHg)	0.12	0.004	94.28***	0.832	52.21***	0.754	6.47*	0.160	26.83***	0.585	0.11	0.007
ADBP (mmHg)	1.31	0.037	196.97***	0.912	57.61***	0.772	10.74**	0.240	24.70***	0.565	0.74	0.047
AMAP (mmHg)	0.53	0.015	149.60***	0.877	64.69***	0.792	9.89**	0.225	25.67***	0.575	0.26	0.017
AP@75 (%)	0.38	0.011	28.00***	0.596	25.67***	0.602	5.18*	0.117	35.81***	0.653	3.37	0.183
AIx@75 (%)	0.68	0.020	50.61***	0.727	30.52***	0.642	5.25*	0.134	40.56***	0.681	2.50	0.143
P1 (mmHg)	0.01	0.000	151.76***	0.889	74.25***	0.814	7.33*	0.177	22.38***	0.541	0.37	0.024
P2 (mmHg)	0.11	0.003	91.81***	0.829	58.11***	0.774	6.47*	0.160	26.58***	0.583	0.21	0.014
Tr (ms)	1.09	0.031	10.21**	0.359	4.38*	0.205	4.49*	0.117	5.53**	0.226	1.48	0.243
STI (mmHg/s.min^−1)	0.14	0.004	117.03***	0.860	70.77***	0.806	5.45*	0.138	49.19***	0.721	0.92	0.058
DTI (mmHg/s.min^−1)	0.25	0.007	96.85***	0.836	50.15***	0.747	7.88**	0.188	13.21***	0.410	0.00	0.000
SVI (%)	0.09	0.003	29.44***	0.608	20.33***	0.545	0.03	0.001	0.10	0.005	0.07	0.005

df = (1, 38). B: burnout group; NB: non-burnout group; BASE: baseline; CPT: cold pressor test; REC: recovery. Univariate contrasts examined adjusted marginal means.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Figure 2. Mean peripheral and central blood pressure changes from baseline to cold pressor test (CPT) and to recovery period (REC) between burnout (B) and non-burnout (NB) groups. Data are mean difference changes and 95% CI. (a) ASBP: aortic systolic blood pressure; (b) ADBP: aortic diastolic blood pressure; (c) BSBP: brachial systolic blood pressure; (d) BDBP: brachial diastolic blood pressure. ***p < 0.001 change from baseline. Univariate contrasts examined adjusted marginal means.

Figure 3. Mean heart rate (HR) changes from baseline to cold pressor test (CPT) and to recovery period (REC) between burnout (B) and non-burnout (NB) groups. Data are mean difference changes with 95% CI. ***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05 change from baseline. Univariate contrasts examined adjusted marginal means.

Figure 4. Mean hemodynamic changes from baseline to cold pressor test (CPT) and to recovery period (REC) between burnout (B) and non-burnout (NB) groups. Data are mean difference changes and 95% CI. (a) AIx @75: augmentation index adjusted at 75 bpm; STI: systolic time interval; DTI: diastolic time interval; SVI: subendocardial viability index. ***p < 0.001 change from baseline. Univariate contrasts examined adjusted marginal means.