Time-specific placental growth factor (PlGF) across pregnancy and infant birth weight in women with preexisting diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of women with preexisting type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (n = 150).

	Mean ± SD* Median (Q1, Q3)** N (%)
Mother’s Age at Delivery (years)	32 ± 5
Baseline BMI (kg/m^2)	28.7 ± 6.4
Race (%)
Caucasian	131 (87.3)
Black	7 (4.7)
Asian	4 (2.7)
Hispanic	8 (5.3)
History of Retinopathy (%)	47 (32.4)
History of Hypertension (%)	24 (16.1)
Nephropathy (%)	17 (11.6)
Preeclampsia (%)	19 (12.7)
Parity	1 ± 1
Years with DM	14 ± 9
Type 1 DM (%)	111 (74.5)
Baseline HbA1C (mmol/mol)	51.9 ± 14.2
Delivery HbA1C (mmol/mol)	44.0 ± 7.7
Baby Weight (g)	3,523 ± 745
Birthweight for Gestational Age (%)	70.9 ± 26.7
Time-specific PlGF (pg/mL)
PlGF 11–18 Weeks (pg/mL)	58 (34, 97)
PlGF 19–26 Weeks (pg/mL)	342 (191, 546)
PlGF 27–34 Weeks (pg/mL)	379 (193, 915)
PlGF 35–40 Weeks (pg/mL)	108 (75, 174)

BMI = body mass index; DM = diabetes mellitus; HbA1C = hemoglobin A1c; PlGF = placenta growth factor.

* For normally distributed data.

** For skewed data.

Figure 1. Unadjusted association between ln-transformed PlGF by gestational age and birth weight for gestational age percentile among women with preexisting diabetes (n = 150).

Table 2. Associations between ln-transformed time-specific PlGF and birth weight for gestational age percentile among women with preexisting diabetes (n = 150).

	β (95% CI)	p-Value
Unadjusted
ln PlGF 11–18 Weeks (pg/mL)	−1.3 (−7.3, 4.8)	0.68
ln PlGF 19–26 Weeks (pg/mL)	7.0 (−0.5, 14.5)	0.07
ln PlGF 27–34 Weeks (pg/mL)	6.1 (1.2, 11.0)	0.02*
ln PlGF 35–40 Weeks (pg/mL)	7.8 (2.0, 13.6)	0.009*
Maternal-age adjusted
ln PlGF 11–18 Weeks (pg/mL)	−0.4 (−6.4, 5.6)	0.90
ln PlGF 19–26 Weeks (pg/mL)	6.2 (−1.3, 13.7)	0.11
ln PlGF 27–34 Weeks (pg/mL)	6.1 (1.1, 11.0)	0.02*
ln PlGF 35–40 Weeks (pg/mL)	6.6 (0.7, 12.5)	0.03*

PlGF = placenta growth factor.

*Significant at p < 0.05 based on linear regression models.

Figure 2. Crude association between HbA1c in pregnancy and infant birth weight.

Table 3. Associations between HbA1C and birth weight for gestational age percentile among women with preexisting diabetes (n = 150).

	β (95% CI)	p-value
Baseline HbA1C
Model 1: HbA1C ≥ 48 mmol/mol**, unadjusted	6.2 (−2.4, 14.8)	0.15
Model 2: HbA1C ≥ 6.5%**, maternal age adjusted	6.2 (−2.3, 14.8)	0.15
Model 3: HbA1C ≥ 48 mmol/mol**, maternal age +race + historyof retinopathy + history of nephropathy	8.8 (0.4, 17.2)	0.04*
Delivery HbA1C
Model 1: HbA1C ≥ 48 mmol/mol**, unadjusted	11.1 (2.1, 20.0)	0.02*
Model 2: HbA1C ≥ 48 mmol/mol**, maternal age adjusted	9.9 (0.8, 19.1)	0.03*

HbA1C = hemoglobin A1c.

*Significant at p<0.05 based on linear regression models.

**HbA1c ≥ 6.5%.