Figures & data
Figure 1. Steady state flux of metoprolol in passive delivery with different permeation enhancers, iontophoresis (ITP; 0.5 mA/cm2), and their combined approach from carbopol gel containing 20 mM drug. Permeation was carried out for 6 h, the concentration of enhancers was 5% w/w and the area available for diffusion was 0.74 cm2. Poly ethylene glycol (PEG 400), Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Di methyl formamide (DMF), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Each data represented the mean ± SD of six experiments.
Figure 2. Release profile of metoprolol from skin loaded by passive and iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm2) processes using carbopol gel containing 20 mM metoprolol tartrate and permeation enhancer (5% w/w SLS). Permeation was carried out for 6 h to load the drug in the skin and the area available for diffusion was 0.74 cm2. The insert figure has been provided for better clarity of the drug release profile from skin in the initial 24 h. Each data represented the mean ± SD of six experiments.
Figure 3. Amount of metoprolol loaded in the skin in passive delivery with different permeation enhancers, iontophoresis (ITP; 0.5 mA/cm2), and their combined approach from carbopol gel contain 20 mM drug. Permeation was carried out for 6 h, the concentration of enhancers was 5% w/w, and the area available for diffusion was 0.74 cm2. Poly ethylene glycol (PEG 400), Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Di methyl formamide (DMF), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Each data represented the mean ± SD of six experiments.
