Novel tamarind seed polysaccharide-alginate mucoadhesive microspheres for oral gliclazide delivery: in vitro–in vivo evaluation

Figures & data

Table 1.  Formulation and processing conditions of gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres.

Formulation Code^a	TSP: Sodium alginate	CaCl2 conc. (% w/v)	DEE (% w/w)^b	Particle size (µm)^b
F1	1:1	2.50	58.12 ± 2.42	948.49 ± 20.92
F2	1:1	5.00	67.53 ± 3.16	912.10 ± 16.77
F3	1:1	7.50	7 2.46 ± 2.34	867.62 ± 13.43
F4	1:1	10.00	77.86 ± 2.43	804.23 ± 9.12
F5	1:2	2.50	64.82 ± 2.63	920.62 ± 18.42
F6	1:2	5.00	72.02 ± 3.88	888.09 ± 16.67
F3	1:2	7.50	76.70 ± 2.57	835.48 ± 10.02
F4	1:2	10.00	82.78 ± 3.43	752.12 ± 6.42

TSP, tamarind seed polysaccharide; DEE, drug entrapment efficiency.

^aThe drug to polymer ratio was maintained 1:1 in all formulations.

^bMean ± SD, n = 3.

Figure 1.  SEM photograph of gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microsphere (F4).

Figure 2.  FTIR spectra of sodium alginate (1), TSP (2), gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres (3), and gliclazide (4).

Figure 3.  In vitro drug release from gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2 (mean ± SD, = 3).

Figure 4.  In vitro drug release from gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (mean ± SD, = 3).

Figure 5.  Swelling behavior profile of gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2 (mean ± SD, n = 3).

Figure 6.  Swelling behavior profile of gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (mean ± SD, n = 3).

Figure 7.  Results of in vitro wash-off test to assess mucoadhesive properties of gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres in 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2 (mean ± SD, = 3).

Figure 8.  Results of in vitro wash-off test to assess mucoadhesive properties of gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate microspheres in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (mean ± SD, = 3).

Figure 9.  Comparative in vivo blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats after oral administration of pure gliclazide and gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate mucoadhesive microspheres (F4) (mean ± SD, = 3). *Significant difference between blood glucose level after oral administration of pure gliclazide and gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate mucoadhesive microspheres (F4). The data were analyzed for significant differences (p < 0.05) by paired samples -test. The statistical analysis was conducted using MedCalc software version 9.6.4.0.

Figure 10.  Comparative in vivo mean percentage reduction in blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats after oral administration of pure gliclazide and gliclazide loaded TSP-alginate mucoadhesive microspheres (F4) (mean ± SD, n = 3).