Potent enhancement of transdermal absorption and stability of human tyrosinase plasmid (pAH7/Tyr) by Tat peptide and an entrapment in elastic cationic niosomes

Figures & data

Figure 1. Human tyrosinase plasmid (pAH7/Tyr) map.

Figure 2. TEM images of the PE (A) and TPE (B) in the gel formulations at the magnification of ×20 000.

Table 1. Viscosity values (cP) of tyrosinase plasmid (pAH7/Tyr, P), Tat/tyrosinase plasmid complexes (TP), tyrosinase plasmid-loaded elastic cationic niosomes (PE) and Tat/tyrosinase plasmid/elastic cationic niosomes complexes (TPE) gel formulations.

	Viscosity (cP)
RPM	P gel	TP gel	PE gel	TPE gel
10	7990	3670	4020	3240
12	6920	3310	3560	3040
20	4730	2410	2650	2170
30	3480	1810	1980	1630
50	2320	1240	1380	1100
60	2030	1140	1270	980
100	1450	840	960	730
200	910	560	630	500

Figure 3. Rheology behavior of (A) gel base, (B) E gel, (C) P gel, (D) TP gel, (E) PE gel and (F) TPE gel.

Figure 4. Percentages remaining of the human tyrosinase plasmid (pAH7/Tyr) in free plasmid (P), Tat/tyrosinase plasmid (TP), tyrosinase plasmid-loaded elastic cationic niosomes (PE) and Tat/tyrosinase plasmid/elastic cationic niosomes (TPE) solution and gel formulations kept at 4 ± 2 °C, 25 ± 2 °C and 45 ± 2 °C for 3 months. The * indicates significant (p < 0.05) difference of the percentages remaining of the plasmid compared to the initial (100%).

Table 2.  Vesicular sizes and zeta potential values of tyrosinase plasmid (pAH7/Tyr, P), Tat peptide (T), blank elastic cationic niosomes (E), Tat/tyrosinase complexes (TP), tyrosinase plasmid loaded elastic cationic niosomes (PE) and Tat/tyrosinase plasmid/elastic cationic niosomes complexes (TPE) at initial and at 4 ± 2 °C, 25 ± 2 °C and 45 ± 2 °C after three months of storage.

		Vesicular size (nm)				Zeta potential (mV)
Dosage			After three months				After three months
form	Sample	Initial	4 ± 2 °C	25 ± 2 °C	45 ± 2 °C	Initial	4 ± 2 °C	25 ± 2 °C	45 ± 2 °C
Solution	T	NA	NA	NA	NA	12.85 ± 4.0	NA	NA	NA
	P	799.7 ± 133.4	1163.0 ± 308.9	1234.7 ± 123.6	1584.0 ± 517.4	−38.6 ± 1.4	−54.0 ± 3.8	−45.7 ± 6.0	−27.8 ± 2.7
	E	100.2 ± 0.9	112.5 ± 11.7	164.4 ± 14.9	171.0 ± 8.9	42.6 ± 5.0	25.9 ± 1.4	33.6 ± 11.9	51.8 ± 3.7
	TP	206.4 ± 10.9	456.8 ± 56.8	614.5 ± 71.3	833.5 ± 232.2	−9.7 ± 1.9	−16.3 ± 1.8	−3.6 ± 0.5	−2.5 ± 0.2
	PE	165.0 ± 2.8	114.9 ± 1.1	132.0 ± 1.9	133.9 ± 2.3	37.9 ± 1.4	37.5 ± 8.9	36.9 ± 6.9	32.4 ± 1.6
	TPE	123.5 ± 8.0	103.2 ± 3.0	116.4 ± 4.8	156.9 ± 1.5	32.5 ± 7.2	35.7 ± 0.9	36.2 ± 4.9	33.8 ± 0.9
Gel	T	NA	NA	NA	NA	−31.4 ± 1.8	NA	NA	NA
	P	2656.2 ± 291.5	4477.3 ± 586.0	6647.0 ± 991.5	23636.7 ± 704.0	−62.2 ± 2.4	−44.0 ± 3.1	−40.8 ± 3.0	−34.2 ± 1.7
	E	5444.0 ± 467.3	12928.7 ± 654.8	14740.0 ± 415.8	48794.7 ± 663.2	−46.9 ± 42.3	−54.7 ± 2.9	−52.2 ± 5.8	−55.5 ± 2.0
	TP	2585.4 ± 548.1	6336.7 ± 878.1	17916.7 ± 592.1	21366.0 ± 953.8	−51.9 ± 3.3	−46.1 ± 5.9	−43.7 ± 0.7	−39.5 ± 1.0
	PE	3828.0 ± 873.2	2828.3 ± 953.8	5409.7 ± 898.1	6209.7 ± 196.6	−44.1 ± 1.1	−50.3 ± 3.8	−50.7 ± 3.4	−45.7 ± 0.5
	TPE	2658.8 ± 657.2	1315.0 ± 271.9	2911.7 ± 728.0	5976.7 ± 1588.8	−44.3 ± 2.3	−44.7 ± 0.5	−51.4 ± 6.1	−39.5 ± 3.3

The values are represented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). NA: Not applicable.

Figure 5. Cumulative amounts (A) and fluxes (B) of the pAH7/Tyr in viable epidermis and dermis of free tyrosinase plasmid (P), Tat/tyrosinase plasmid (TP), tyrosinase plasmid-loaded elastic cationic niosomes (PE) and Tat/tyrosinase plasmid/elastic cationic niosomes (TPE) solution formulations.

Figure 6. Cumulative amounts (A) and fluxes (B) of the pAH7/Tyr in the receiving solution of free tyrosinase plasmid (P), Tat/tyrosinase plasmid (TP), tyrosinase plasmid-loaded elastic cationic niosomes (PE) and Tat/tyrosinase plasmid/elastic cationic niosomes (TPE) solution formulations.

Figure 7. Cumulative amounts (A) and fluxes (B) of the pAH7/Tyr in viable epidermis and dermis of free tyrosinase plasmid (P), Tat/tyrosinase plasmid (TP), tyrosinase plasmid-loaded elastic cationic niosomes (PE) and Tat/tyrosinase plasmid/elastic cationic niosomes (TPE) gel formulations.

Figure 8. Cumulative amounts (A) and fluxes (B) of the pAH7/Tyr in the receiving solution of free tyrosinase plasmid (P), Tat/tyrosinase plasmid (TP), tyrosinase plasmid-loaded elastic cationic niosomes (PE) and Tat/tyrosinase plasmid/elastic cationic niosomes (TPE) gel formulations.