A review on novel vesicular drug delivery: proniosomes

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic representation of various niosomes and proniosomes.

Figure 2. Materials and methods used.

Table 1. Different materials used for the preparation of proniosomes.

Membrane stabilizers used

(1) Lecithin (Fang et al., 2001; Ankur et al., 2007)

(2) Cholesterol (Solanki et al., 2007; Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)

Coating materials investigated

(1) Sucrose stearate (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)

(2) Spray dried lactose (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)

(3) Sorbitol (Hu & Rhodes, 1999; Ankur et al., 2007)

(4) Lactose monohydrate (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)

(5) Maltodextrin (Maltrin M500) (Blazek-Welsh & Rhodes, 2001b)

(6) Glucose monohydrate (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)

(7) Maltodextrin (Maltrin M700) (Blazek-Welsh & Rhodes, 2001b)

Non-ionic surfactants used

(1) Tween 20 (Fang et al., 2001)

(2) Tween 60 (Fang et al., 2001)

(3) Tween 80 (Fang et al., 2001)

(4) Span 20 (Vora et al., 1998)

(5) Span 40 (Vora et al., 1998; Fang et al., 2001)

(6) Span 60 (Vora et al., 1998; Blazek-Welsh & Rhodes, 2001b)

(7) Span 80 (Vora et al., 1998; Ankur et al., 2007)

(8) Span 85 (Fang et al., 2001)

Figure 3. Niosomes formation from provesicular forms by hydration.

Table 2. Various parameters and methods employed for proniosomes characterization.

S. No	Parameters	Instrument and techniques employed
1	Visualization	Malvern Mastersizer (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)
	Vesicle size	Laser diffraction particle size analyzer (Hu & Rhodes, 1999; Solanki et al., 2007)
	Size distribution	Coulter submicron size analyzer (Fang et al., 2001)
		Optical microscopy (Ankur et al., 2007)
2	Morphological characterization
	Surface	Optical microscopy (Ankur et al., 2007)
	Shape	Transmission electron microscopy (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)
		Scanning electron microscopy (Alsarra et al., 2005)
3	Angle of repose	Funnel method (Lieberman et al., 1990; Hu & Rhodes, 1999)
4	Rate of hydration	Using Neubaur’s chamber (Vora et al., 1998)
5	Drug content	Modified HPLC method (Vora et al., 1998)
6	Aerodynamic behavior	Twin-stage impinger (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)
7	Entrapment efficiency	Vesicle lysis using alcohol and propylene glycol (Uchegbu & Vyas, 1998)
		Dialysis method (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)
8	Determination of colloidal properties	Zeta potential analysis (Vora et al., 1998)
9	Penetration and permeation Studies	Franz diffusion cells (Fang et al., 2001)
		Cellophane dialyzing membrane (Alsarra et al., 2005)
		Keshary-chien diffusion cell (Vora et al., 1998)
		USP dissolution apparatus-I (Ankur et al., 2007)
		In vitro skin permeation studies (Vora et al., 1998; Fang et al., 2001)
		Spectrapor© molecular porous membrane tubing (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)

Table 3. Applications.

S. No	Drug	Vesicular type/application	Therapeutic category
1	Levonorgestrel (Vora et al., 1998)	Proniosomes (gel, patch)	Contraceptive agent
2	Indomethacin (Tamizharasi et al., 2009)	Proniosomes (oral)	NSAID
3	Piroxicam (Solanki et al., 2007)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	NSAID
4	Estradiol (Fang et al., 2001)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	Female hormone
5	Frusemide (Adnan et al., 2008)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	Diuretic
6	Doxorubicin	Niosomes (Intra venous)	Anti-cancer
7	Vitamin A (Cioca et al., 1991)	Liquid crystal (topical and patch)	Antioxidant
8	Tenoxicam (Ammara et al., 2011)	Proniosomes (gel)	NSAID
9	Hexadecyl triglycerol ether	Niosomes (Intra venous)	Anti-infectives
10	Ibuprofen (Hu & Rhodes, 1999)	Proniosomes (prolonged release for improved anti-inflammatory activity)	NSAID
11	Losartan potassium (Thakur et al., 2009)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	Anti-hypertensive
12	Alprenolol HCl (Blazek-Welsh & Rhodes, 2001a)	Proniosomes (improved permeability of highly hydrophilic drug)	Beta blocker
13	Chlorpheniramine maleate (Varshosa et al., 2005)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	Anti-histamine
14	Cromolyn sodium (Abd-Elbary et al., 2008)	Proniosomes (nebulisable)	Anti-asthmatic
15	Ketorolac (Alsarra et al., 2005)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	NSAID
16	Methotrexate	Niosomes (Intra venous)	Anti-cancer
17	Flurbiprofen (Mokhtar et al., 2008)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	NSAID
18	Cosmetic composition (Mitsuno et al., 1988)	Liquid crystal (topical)	Skin cleansing agent
19	Timolol maleate	Niosomes (topically)	Anti-glaucoma
20	Pseudo-ceramide (Iwai et al., 1998)	Liquid crystal (topical)	Anti-wrinkle
21	Vinpocetine (EL-Laithy et al., 2011)	Proniosomes (gel)	Cerebro-vascular and cerebral degenerative
22	Herpes simplex virus type I	Niosomes (intra-muscular)	Vaccination
23	Timolol maleate Vyas et al. (1998)	Niosomes	Beta blocker
24	Benzophenone 4/octyl-methoxycinnamate (Brinon et al., 1999)	Liquid crystal (percutaneous)	Sunscreen agent
25	Exemestane (Hiremath et al., 2009)	Proniosomes (oral)	Anti-cancer
26	Aceclofenac (Ajay et al., 2008)	Proniosomes	NSAID
27	Vasoactive intestinal peptide	Niosomes (Intra-venous)	Neurological disorders
28	Captopril (Gupta et al., 2007)	Proniosomes (gel and patch)	Anti-hypertensive
29	Cyclopentolate Saettone et al. (1996)	Niosomes	Muscarinic receptor antagonist
30	Gadolinium	Niosomes (intra-venous)	Diagnostic imaging agents

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