Figures & data
Table 1. Visual observation from experimental groups in rats (treated/non-treated group).
Figure 1. (A) The group with no ligature (control), i.e., macroscopic aspects of normal maxillae. (B) Macroscopic aspects of the maxillae excised from a non-treated ligature-induced experimental periodontitis animal rats showing severe alveolar bones resorption and root exposure. (C) Macroscopic aspects of the maxillae excised from the group with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis and treated with NEG without KP, showing less significant effect on alveolar bones resorption and root exposure. (D) Macroscopic aspects of the maxillae excised from the group with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis and treated with NEG loaded with KP, showed significant effect on alveolar bone loss.
Figure 2. Effect of 2% w/w nanoemulgel of KP and without KP on the alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontal disease (EPD) in rat, comparison with EPD without treatment. Bars represent the mean ± S.D of alveolar bone loss (mm; n = 6). *p < 0.05 was considered less significant difference compared with NEG without KP and non-treated groups; **p<0.05 was considered more significant difference compared with NEG loaded with KP and non treated group. (ANOVA, Turkey–Kramer multiple comparisons test).
Figure 3. (X1) The group with no ligature (control). Rats without ligature showed healthy alveolar bone and cementum, and no sign of cell infiltration; (X2) the group with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis. Rats subjected to experimental periodontitis revealed inflammatory cell infiltration accompanied by cementum and alveolar bone destruction. (X3) The group with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis and treated with NEG without KP. Eugenol, as the oil phase, showed less significant effect on inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar bone loss. (X4) The group with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis and treated with NEG with KP, showed significant effect on inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar bone loss. D, dentin; PL, periodontal ligament; AB, alveolar bone; G,gingival tissue (hematoxylin and eosin staining, magnification 40×).
Figure 4. Effect of 2% w/w nanoemulgel of KP and without KP on IL-1β in experimental periodontal disease (EPD) in rat, comparison with EPD without treatment. Bars represent the mean ± S.D of alveolar bone loss (mm; n = 6). *p < 0.05 was considered less significant difference compared with the NEG without KP and non-treated groups; **p<0.05 was considered more significant difference compared with NEG loaded with KP and non treated group. (ANOVA, Turkey–Kramer multiple comparisons test).
Figure 5. Effect of 2% w/w nanoemulgel of KP and without KP on TNF-α in experimental periodontal disease (EPD) in rat, comparison with EPD without treatment. Bars represent the mean±S.D of alveolar bone loss (mm); (n = 6). *p < 0.05 was considered less significant difference compared with NEG without KP and non-treated groups; **p<0.05 was considered more significant difference compared with NEG loaded with KP and non treated group. (ANOVA, Turkey–Kramer multiple comparisons test).
Figure 6. Topographical changes in alveolar bone of rats subjected to the experimental periodontitis disease EPD (A) and normal group (B).
Figure 7. Topographical changes (diagonal method) in alveolar bone surface of rats subjected to experimental periodontitis disease EPD without treatment (A), treated with NEG without KP (B), and treated with NEG loaded with KP (C).
