Management of retinoblastoma: opportunities and challenges

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conventional therapies used to treat RB and their challenges.

Figure 2. Schematic representation of the blood–retinal barrier that limits intra-ocular delivery.

Table 1. Different nanoparticulate systems reported for treatment of retinoblastoma.

Nano delivery system	Advantages	Disadvantages	Major outcomes	Reference
Intra-vitreous injection of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles	• Biocompatible • Drug delivered in both anterior and posterior chambers	• Release of acidic degradation products • Low transfection efficiencies	Diffusion through retina and accumulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells upto 4 months	(Anderson & Shive, 1997; Bourges et al., 2003).
Intra-vitreal injection of doxorubicin-loaded polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) microspheres	• Biocompatible • Biodegradable • Drug delivery to posterior segment	• Slow degradation rate	Reduced surrounding tissue toxicity	(Hu et al., 2007).
Transcleral delivery of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles	• Biocompatible • Biodegradable • Drug delivery to intra-ocular tumor	• Production of acidic by-products upon degradation	Sustained release and diffusion across the sclera	(Kim et al., 2009a; Boddu et al., 2010; Moutushy et al., 2011).
Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) micelles	• Biodegradable • High encapsulation efficacy	• Rapid resorption	Increased bioavailability of drug	(Li et al., 2012).
Subconjunctival injection of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendritic nanoparticles	• Biocompatible • Biodegradable • Tumor accumulation	• Non-specific interactions • Limited release of drug • Rapid clearance	Mitigated the toxicity in surrounding tissue	(Kang et al., 2009).
Chitosan	• Mucoadhesive • Crosses epithelial tight junction.	• Fast degradation rate	Controlled, sustained and targeted delivery of doxorubicin	(Parveen & Sahoo, 2010).
Submicron-sized liposomes through topical delivery	• Biocompatible • Enhanced ocular bioavailability of lipophilic drugs	• Poor stability • Rapid clearance	Submicron sized, rigid liposomes that enabled delivery in the form of eye drops	(Inokuchi et al., 2009, Hironaka et al., 2011).
PEI-capped gold nanoparticles	• High complexation efficiency	• Non-specific interactions	Targeted delivery of si-RNA	(Moutushy et al., 2013).
Mesoporous silica	• Photodynamic therapy	• In vivo toxicity	Stimuli-responsive delivery of drug	(Gary-Bobo et al., 2012; Gallud et al., 2013).
Quantum dots, nanoshells and magnetic iron oxide	• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Optical coherence tomography (OCT)	• Particle aggregation	Enabled tissue and cellular level imaging	(Nair et al., 2008; Jaidev 2014).

Figure 3. Different nanoparticles used for drug delivery to RB. Chemical structures are given in the top panel and nanoparticles formed by these molecules are depicted in the lower panel.

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