Enhanced oral bioavailability of insulin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: pharmacokinetic bioavailability of insulin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in diabetic rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Formulation composition of insulin-loaded SLNs.

	% w/w
Formulations	PVA	Dyn 114	Soya	PLGA	INS	Size (nm)	PDI	EE %
F1	74	19	6	0	2	217	0.005	48.4 ± 1.6
F2	71	18	9	0	2	250	0.134	23.7 ± 1.2
F3	75	19	4	0	2	244	0.005	31.3 ± 3.2
F4	74	18	4	2	2	94	0.005	47.9 ± 2.3
F5	73	22	4	0	2	107	0.042	49.3 ± 2.5
F6	70	25	4	0	2	99	0.021	56.5 ± 2.7
F7	71	21	4	2	2	91	0.005	51.9 ± 2.4
F8	69	24	3	2	2	110	0.123	45.9 ± 2.7

Figure 1. FT-IR spectroscopy of insulin solid lipid nano-particles.

Figure 2. DSC thermograms of insulin nanoparticles (a) Insulin (b) Soya lecithin (c) Dynasan 114 (d) PVP (e) Insulin/Soya lecithin/ Dynasan physical mixture; (f) Insulin SLN (F7).

Figure 3. The x-ray diffraction pattern of different samples investigated; (a) Insulin (b) Soya lecithin (c) Dynasan 114 (d) Insulin/Soya lecithin/ Dynasan 114 physical mixture; (e) Insulin SLN (F7).

Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy of insulin nano-particles (F7) at 35000× and 60000× magnification.

Figure 5. In vitro release studies of insulin-loaded SLNs in acidic and alkaline medium.

Figure 6. Ex vivo permeation studies of insulin alone and insulin-loaded SLNs.

Figure 7. Stability studies of insulin alone and F7 in gastrointestinal enzymes.

Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of serum insulin.

Treatments	Cmax (µg ml^−1)	AUC (0–end) µIU h/ml	MRT (HR)	Dose (IU/kg)	Relative bioavailability
SC insulin	97.1	138.0925401	1.273573	2	100
Insulin solution	16.4	36.64254011	1.607993	30	1.768985
Insulin-SLN	196.4	171.2925401	0.913803	30	8.269457