Low molecular weight heparins for current and future uses: approaches for micro- and nano-particulate delivery

Figures & data

Figure 1. Commercially available LMWHs and their methods of preparation from UHF.

Table 1. Clinical advantages of LMWHs over UFH.

	LMWH	UFH
Availability for anti-thrombin reaction	90–100%	30%
Half life (t1/2)	3–4 h (predictable)	Approximately 1 h (high variability)
Dosage regimen	IV/SC once/twice daily	IV once/6 h or IV infusion
Clearance mechanism	Renal mainly	Hepatic
Bleeding propensity	Low	High
Thrombocytopenia induction	Low	High
Osteoporosis tendency	Low	High
Risk category in pregnancy	B^a	C^b
Laboratory monitoring	Not required	Essential

^aCategory B denotes animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.

^bCategory C denotes animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.