Development and optimization of boswellic acid-loaded proniosomal gel

Figures & data

Table 1. Experimental design and results of central composite design.

Independent factors				Dependent factors
Formulation	Amount of surfactant (X1)	Amount of lecithin (X2)	Amount of cholesterol (X3)	Entrapment efficiency (%)	Particle size (nm)
F1	−1	−1	−1	97.54	870
F2	+1	−1	−1	98.2	720.9
F3	−1	+1	−1	97.6	863.4
F4	+1	+1	−1	98	726.6
F5	−1	−1	+1	96.6	952
F6	+1	−1	+1	97.39	890
F7	−1	+1	+1	97.13	902.9
F8	+1	+1	+1	97.47	883.4
F9	−1.682	0	0	97.7	769.9
F10	+1.682	0	0	98.52	707.9
F11	0	−1.682	0	98.36	715.8
F12	0	+1.682	0	97.69	820
F13	0	0	−1.682	97.73	752.8
F14	0	0	+1.682	97.62	852
F15	0	0	0	97.69	792
F16	0 (2 g)	0 (2 g)	0	97.73	760
F17	0 (2 g)	0 (2 g)	0	97.69	796
F18	0 (2 g)	0 (2 g)	0 (75 mg)	97.69	801
F19	0	0	0	97.69	810
F20	0	0	0	97.69	798

Table 2. Interpretation of diffusional release mechanisms from polymeric films.

Diffusion exponent (n)	Overall solute diffusion mechanism
0.45	Fickian diffusion
0.45 < n < 0.89	Anomalous (non-Fickian) diffusion
0.89	Case-II transport
n > 0.89	Super case-II transport

Figure 1. FTIR overlay spectra of boswellic acids and mixture of boswellic acids with excipients.

Table 3. Summary of results of analysis of variance (ANOVA).

		Entrapment efficiency				Particle size
Source	DF	SS	MS	F	p	SS	MS	F	p
X1	1	7.11	7.11	16.22	0.00	30 134.79	30 134.79	12.58	0.0053
X2	1	1.14	1.14	2.60	0.13	1407.49	1407.49	0.59	0.4610
X3	1	0.43	0.43	0.99	0.34	29 454.26	29 454.26	12.30	0.0057
X1 X2	1	0.005	0.005	0.013	0.91	151.38	151.38	0.063	0.8066
X1 X3	1	0.041	0.041	0.093	0.76	4250.42	4250.42	1.77	0.2124
X2 X3	1	0.20	0.20	0.45	0.51	151.38	151.38	0.063	0.8066
X1^2	1	1.86	1.86	4.24	0.06	1860.70	1860.70	0.78	0.3988
X2^2	1	0.047	0.047	0.11	0.75	495.73	495.73	0.21	0.6589
X3^2	1	0.13	0.13	0.30	0.59	4701.82	4701.82	1.96	0.1914
Lack of fit	5	4.38	0.876	14.33	0.0043	22 472.68	4494.54	15.22	0.0048
Pure error	5	0.001	0.002			1476.83
Cor. total	19	15.43				95 684.81

SS, sum of square; DF, degree of freedom; MS, mean of square; F, Fisher’s ratio.

Figure 2. Contour plot for entrapment efficiency.

Figure 3. 3D response surface plot for entrapment efficiency.

Figure 4. Contour plot for particle size.

Figure 5. 3D surface plot for particle size.

Figure 6. TEM photomicrographs of boswellic acid-loaded proniosomes.

Figure 7. In vitro release profile of boswellic acid-containing proniosomes.

Figure 8. The time-dependent inhibitory effect of topical application of boswellic acid-loaded proniosomal gel against carrageenan induced rat paw edema in rats.