High Throughput Miniaturization of Artificial Cells

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Inkjet printing equipment and software interface. Shown on the left is an image of the sodium alginate jet. Captured on the right is an image of the waveform, waveform parameters, and the results of the motion analysis software (below). (b) The actual physical SJSU set-up.

Figure 2. (a) Main effect plot for S/N; (b) average responses for the L₁₆ analysis of droplet size.

Table 1. Summary of Taguchi L₁₈ (3¹ × 2⁷) results

Expt. No.	Final rise (μs)	Dwell time (μs)	Solution height (mm)	Positive voltage (V)	Rise (μs)	Echo (μs)	Frequency (Hz)	Drops/ trigger	Jetting result
1	3	5	1	5	2	5	250	1	No
2	3	5	2	25	5	15	500	50	Yes
3	3	5	3	45	8	25	750	99	Yes
4	3	15	1	5	5	15	750	99	No
5	3	15	2	25	8	25	250	1	Yes
6	3	15	3	45	2	5	500	50	Yes
7	3	25	2	5	2	25	500	99	No
8	3	25	3	25	5	5	750	1	Yes
9	3	25	1	45	8	15	250	50	Yes
10	5	5	3	5	8	15	500	1	No
11	5	5	1	25	2	25	750	50	Yes
12	5	5	2	45	5	5	250	99	Yes
13	5	15	2	5	8	5	750	50	No
14	5	15	3	25	2	15	250	99	Yes
15	5	15	1	45	5	25	500	1	Yes
16	5	25	3	5	5	25	250	50	No
17	5	25	1	25	8	5	500	99	Yes
18	5	25	2	45	2	15	750	1	Yes

Table 2. Summary of Taguchi L₁₆ (4⁵) results

Expt. No.	Voltage (V)	Frequency (Hz)	Drops/Trigger	Dwell Time (μs)	Height (mm)	Jetting Result	Average Droplet Size (μm) –	Average Number of Droplets/Jet –	Re	Oh
1	15	100	25	15	1	No	–	–	–	–
2	15	300	50	20	2	No	–	–	–	–
3	15	500	75	25	3	No	–	–	–	–
4	15	700	100	30	4	No	–	–	–	–
5	30	100	50	25	1	No	–	–	–	–
6	30	300	25	30	2	Yes	73.24	1	1.80E + 01	5.44E-02
7	30	500	100	15	3	Yes	76.86	2	6.96E + 01	5.05E-02
8	30	700	75	20	4	Yes	92.60	1	8.40E + 01	3.83E-02
9	45	100	75	30	1	Yes	56.46	2	7.13E + 01	7.78E-02
10	45	300	100	25	2	Yes	76.60	1	1.82E + 02	5.04E-02
11	45	500	25	20	3	Yes	100.60	3	2.74E + 01	3.37E-02
12	45	700	50	15	4	Yes	105.65	3	1.34E + 02	3.33E-02
13	60	100	100	20	1	Yes^*	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
14	60	300	75	15	2	Yes	90.15	3	1.05E + 02	3.49E-02
15	60	500	50	30	3	Yes	98.59	3	5.49E + 01	3.44E-02
16	60	700	25	25	4	Yes	109.62	3	1.52E + 02	2.96E-02

^*Unstable Jetting

Table 3. Summary of droplet size optimization results

Droplet Size/Target = 85 mm	Droplet Number/Target =1.0
Recommended Operating	Recommended Operating
Conditions: V = 30 V,	Conditions: V = 30 V,
Frequency = 500 Hz,	Frequency = 500 Hz,
Drops/Trigger = 75, Dwell	Drops/Trigger = 75, Dwell
Time = 20 ms, Solution	Time = 20 ms, Solution
Height = 4 mm	Height = 4 mm

Predicted Droplet Size	Predicted Droplet Number
88.24 mm ±6.4 mm	0.75

Confrmed Droplet Size (Pilot run)	Confrmed Droplet Number (Pilot run)
83.88 μm ± 2.0 mm	1.0

Figure 3. (a) Scaffold formation with no stirring of CaCl₂ solution; (b) distinct vesicle formation at an air flow rate of 2 L/min⁻¹ for stirring the cross-linking solution. Shown in highlighted circles are microencapsulated E. coli-DH5 [14].

Shan, Y., Wong, J., Deol, S., Mobed-Miremadi, M., Selvaduray, G. (2011). High throughput encapsulation of E. Coli DH5 using inkjet bio-printing. Proceedings of the 23rd CSU Annual Biotechnology Symposium. [online] Available at: http://csuperb.org/oars/abstracts.php?p = author&o = 14. Accessed 2/1/2011.

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