Figures & data
Figure 1. Concentrations of the inflammatory mediators treated with different agents in vitro. A: Comparison of complement C3a level treated with different agents: saline (negative control), LPS (positive control), and pPolyHb. Plasma from Sprague–Dawley rats was mixed with saline (negative control), LPS (positive control), and pPolyHb, respectively. One h later, complement C3a levels were detected using Rat complement C3a Elisa kit (R&D System) according to manufacturer's protocol. *P < 0.05 in comparison to LPS group; B: Comparison of IL-6 level treated with different agents: PBS, BSA (negative control), LPS (positive control), and pPolyHb. Raw264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of PBS, BSA (negative control), LPS (positive control) and pPolyHb, respectively, for 12–18 h. Supernatant was separated. IL-6 and TNF-α levels were detected using Mouse IL-6 ELISA kits and Mouse TNF-α ELISA kits (R&D Systems) according to manufacturer's protocol. Assays were performed in triplicate. *P < 0.05 in comparison to LPS group; C: Comparison of TNF-α level treated with different agents: PBS, BSA (negative control), LPS (positive control), and pPolyHb. *P < 0.05 in comparison to LPS group.
Figure 2. Changes of the levels of inflammatory mediators in healthy rats immunized by different agents. Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 12) were randomized into two groups: pPolyHb and Hetastarch (HES, control). The equal amount of pPolyHb (3 g/dl) and HES were injected into rats intravenously. Serum was collected before the immunization (base) and 12 h after injection. Complement C3a, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were detected using Rat Complement C3a Elisa kit, Rat IL-6 ELISA kits, and Rat TNF-α ELISA kits (R&D Systems) according to manufacturer's protocol. Assays were performed in triplicate. *P < 0.05 in comparison to baseline. A: Changes of complement C3a levels in healthy rats immunized by pPolyHb and HES at different periods; B: Changes of IL-6 levels in healthy rats immunized by pPolyHb and HES at different periods; C: Changes of TNF-α levels in healthy rats immunized by pPolyHb and HES at different periods.
Figure 3. Changes of the levels of inflammatory mediators in hemorrhagic shock rats resuscitated with different fluids. Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 12) undergo volume-controlled hemorrhage. 90 min later, they were resuscitated with pPolyHb or HES equal volume to the lost blood. Blood samples were withdrawn before HS (base), at the end of shock, at the end of resuscitation, 45 min, 3 h, and 6 h after resuscitation. Plasma was collected and complement C3a, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were detected according to manufacturer's protocol. Assays were performed in triplicate. A: Changes of complement C3a levels in hemorrhagic shock rats resuscitated with pPolyHb and HES; B: Changes of IL-6 levels in hemorrhagic shock rats resuscitated with pPolyHb and HES; C: Changes of TNF-α levels in hemorrhagic shock rats resuscitated with pPolyHb and HES.
