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Original

The impact of latency on surgical precision and task completion during robotic-assisted remote telepresence surgery

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 93-99 | Received 28 Aug 2003, Accepted 22 Aug 2004, Published online: 06 Jan 2010

Figures & data

Figure 1. Telerobotic assembly with the surgeon behind the console in a different room from the robotic arms.

Figure 1. Telerobotic assembly with the surgeon behind the console in a different room from the robotic arms.

Figure 2. (a) Assembly used for Task 1, (b) suture pad used for Task 2, (c) target dots for Task 2, and (d) cutting grid used for Task 3.

Figure 2. (a) Assembly used for Task 1, (b) suture pad used for Task 2, (c) target dots for Task 2, and (d) cutting grid used for Task 3.

Figure 3. Interaction plot for task time completion scores.

Figure 3. Interaction plot for task time completion scores.

Figure 4. The effect of latency on TCTs.

Figure 4. The effect of latency on TCTs.

Figure 5. Interaction plot for errors between surgeon and task.

Figure 5. Interaction plot for errors between surgeon and task.

Figure 6. The effect of latency on error rate.

Figure 6. The effect of latency on error rate.

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