Surgical navigation display system using volume rendering of intraoperatively scanned CT images

Figures & data

Figure 1. 3D CAD design and configuration of the High-Tech Navigation Operating Room. [Color version available online.]

Figure 2. The High-Tech Navigation Operating Room. A mobile 3D-CT can be seen at left. [Color version available online.]

Figure 3. The setup of the data-fusion display. The operator is moving the monitor to the position from where he wishes to observe the inner structure. A small-size video camera is inset in the back of the monitor. [Color version available online.]

Figure 4. Configuration of the navigation system and coordinate transformation. [Color version available online.]

Figure 5. (a) OPTOTRAK marker flags (circled) on the data-fusion display and C-arm. (b) A gypsum block under CT scan. (c) C-arm CT images of a gypsum block. (d) Results of the cube registration and fusion representation of the cube surface model on the video images. [Color version available online.]

Figure 6. Re-projection error of camera calibration. [Color version available online.]

Figure 7. A scene showing volumetric navigation for an elbow joint. [Color version available online.]

Figure 8. Average errors between real and virtual objects in the navigated image. The phantom model was created from CT data of the elbow. The virtual object was directly reconstructed from a mobile 3D-CT scan. [Color version available online.]

Figure 9. Time-sequentially generated images in the data-fusion display. The volume data of the mobile 3D-CT was superimposed onto the live video image according to the varying direction of the display. [Color version available online.]