A novel device for preoperative registration and automatic tracking in cranio-maxillofacial image guided surgery

Figures & data

Figure 1. Structure of the device.

Figure 2. Preregistration of the device.

Figure 3. Measurement of 3D distances.

Figure 4. The skull fitted with the device.

Figure 5. Comparison between the mirror of the left side (yellow) and the affected right side (blue).

Figure 6. Pre-registration of the device before surgery.

Figure 7. Reduction confirmation during the operation.

Table I.  3D distance measurements on the same skull.

Line	Mean (mm)	MD (mm)	SD (mm)	CV(%)
a	85.43	1.08	0.63	0.74
b	53.55	0.96	0.47	0.88
c	97.35	1.19	0.53	0.54
d	72.21	1.23	0.70	0.97

MD = maximum difference; SD = standard deviation; CV = coefficient of variance

Figure 8. Target fiducial color-coded visualization value (colorwash dots) of the TRE for each registration fiducial (black dots) configuration. (A) Using registration fiducials on the maxillary alveolus. (B) Using registration fiducials on the device.

Table II.  TRE of the investigated anatomical points for the fiducial configuration in which registration fiducials are defined on the maxillary alveolus and on the device.

Target point	Fiducial on the alveolus	Fiducial on the device	p
Left infraorbital foramen	0.93 ± 0.35	0.56 ± 0.23	< 0.01
Right infraorbital foramen	0.98 ± 0.32	0.63 ± 0.28	<0.01
Right inner canthus	1.54 ± 0.36	0.68 ± 0.36	<0.01
Right orbit floor	1.52 ± 0.40	0.72 ± 0.30	<0.01
Right supraorbital foramen	3.19 ± 0.34	0.86 ± 0.32	<0.01
Right zygomatic process	1.38 ± 0.36	0.92 ± 0.37	<0.01
Forehead	2.33 ± 0.39	0.90 ± 0.31	<0.01
Right temple	3.12 ± 0.42	0.96 ± 0.30	<0.01