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Biomarkers Volume 18, 2013 - Issue 4
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Review Article

The kinin–kallikrein system: physiological roles, pathophysiology and its relationship to cancer biomarkers

Elena KashubaPostgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull HullUK;Hull York Medical School HullUK
,
James BaileyPostgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull HullUK;Hull York Medical School HullUK;Queens Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust HullUK
,
David AllsupPostgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull HullUK;Queens Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust HullUK
&
Lynn CawkwellPostgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull HullUK;Hull York Medical School HullUKCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 279-296 | Received 04 Jan 2013, Accepted 16 Mar 2013, Published online: 15 May 2013
 
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Abstract

The kinin–kallikrein system (KKS) is an endogenous multiprotein cascade, the activation of which leads to triggering of the intrinsic coagulation pathway and enzymatic hydrolysis of kininogens with the consequent release of bradykinin-related peptides. This system plays a crucial role in inflammation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, cardioprotection, vascular permeability, blood pressure control, coagulation and pain. In this review, we will outline the physiology and pathophysiology of the KKS and also highlight the association of this system with carcinogenesis and cancer progression.

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