Depressive symptoms and lifestyle factors as risk factors of lower urinary tract symptoms in Southern Chinese men: a prospective study

Figures & data

Table I.  Baseline demographic, socio-economic, and medical characteristics (n = 871).

	Mean	SD
Age	71.3	4.4
BMI	23.5	2.9
	Median	IQ range
PASE score	97.0	68.0, 133.6
Blood pressure ankle-arm index (lowest value)	1.10	1.04, 1.17
Total isoflavone intake (mg)	11.1	5.7, 20.6
Energy per day	2,065.4	1682.9, 2504.9
Protein (g/day)	83.2	62.2, 105.9
Fat (g/day)	63.2	50.0, 81.4
Meat and poultry (g/day)	67.0	41.0, 106.4
Vegetables (g/day)	218.6	153.5, 313.0
	No.	Percentage
CHD (yes/no)	110	12.6%
HTN (yes/no)	321	36.9%
Beta blocker (yes/no)	114	13.1%
No. of drinks per week in past 12 months
None	634	72.8%
0.1–6.9	192	22.0%
7 or above	45	5.2%
Current smoking (yes/no)	101	11.6%
GDS score (depressed)
0	198	22.7%
1	195	22.4%
2–3	281	32.3%
4–15	197	22.6%
Marital status
Married or living in a married-like relationship	777	89.2%
Widowed/separated/divorced	83	9.5%
Single, never married	11	1.3%
Educational level
Primary or below	482	55.3%
Secondary/matriculation	247	28.4%
University or above	142	16.3%

BMI, Body Mass Index; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; CHD, coronary heart disease; HTN, hypertension.

Table II.  Crude odds ratios for having moderate to severe LUTS in relation to putative risk factors (n = 871).

	Mean (SD)/frequency (%)
	None to mild LUTS (n = 677)	Moderate to severe LUTS (n = 194)	OR (95% CI)
Age	71.1 (4.4)	72.1 (4.4)	1.05 (1.02, 1.09)
BMI	23.5 (2.8)	23.2 (3.1)	0.96 (0.90, 1.01)
CHD (yes/no)	76 (11.2%)	34 (17.5%)	1.68 (1.08, 2.61)
HTN (yes/no)	248 (36.6%)	73 (37.6%)	1.04 (0.75, 1.45)
Beta blocker (yes/no)	82 (12.1%)	32 (16.5%)	1.43 (0.92, 2.23)
No. of drinks per week in past 12 months
None	496 (73.3%)	138 (71.1%)	1
0.1–6.9	153 (22.6%)	39 (20.1%)	0.92 (0.61, 1.37)
7 or above	28 (4.1%)	17 (8.8%)	2.18 (1.16, 4.10)
PASE score
<68.6	162 (23.9%)	57 (29.4%)	1
68.7–97.1	169 (25.0%)	48 (24.7%)	0.81 (0.52, 1.25)
97.2–134.6	170 (25.1%)	48 (24.7%)	0.80 (0.52, 1.25)
134.7 or above	176 (26.0%)	41 (21.1%)	0.66 (0.42, 1.04)
Current smoking (yes/no)	80 (11.8%)	21 (10.8%)	0.91 (0.54, 1.51)
GDS score
None (0)	165 (24.4%)	33 (17.0%)	1
1	154 (22.8%)	41 (21.1%)	1.33 (0.80, 2.21)
2–3	220 (32.5%)	61 (31.4%)	1.39 (0.87, 2.22)
4–15	138 (20.4%)	59 (30.4%)	2.14 (1.32, 3.46)
Ankle-arm index (lowest value)
<1.04	174 (25.7%)	51 (26.3%)	1
1.04–1.09	165 (24.4%)	52 (26.8%)	1.08 (0.69, 1.67)
1.1–1.16	176 (26.0%)	35 (18.0%)	0.68 (0.42, 1.09)
1.17 or above	162 (23.9%)	56 (28.9%)	1.18 (0.76, 1.82)
Total isoflavone intake (mg)
<5.77	164 (24.2%)	54 (27.8%)	1
5.77–11.12	171 (25.3%)	47 (24.2%)	0.83 (0.53, 1.30)
11.13–20.5	179 (26.4%)	39 (20.1%)	0.66 (0.42, 1.05)
20.6 or above	163 (24.1%)	54 (27.8%)	1.01 (0.65, 1.55)
Energy per day (kcal)
<1675.1	170 (25.1%)	45 (23.2%)	1
1675.1–2037.7	155 (22.9%)	43 (22.2%)	1.05 (0.65, 1.68)
2037.8–2457.3	173 (25.6%)	49 (25.3%)	1.07 (0.68, 1.69)
2457.4 or above	179 (26.4%)	57 (29.4%)	1.20 (0.77, 1.87)
Protein (g/day)
<62.2	165 (24.4%)	52 (26.8%)	1
62.2–80.9	160 (23.6%)	34 (17.5%)	0.67 (0.42, 1.09)
81–105.9	190 (28.1%)	53 (27.3%)	0.89 (0.57, 1.37)
106 or above	162 (23.9%)	55 (28.4%)	1.08 (0.70, 1.67)
Fat (g/day)
<50.1	171 (25.3%)	49 (25.3%)	1
50.1–63.4	177 (26.1%)	42 (21.7%)	0.83 (0.52, 1.32)
63.5–80.6	154 (22.8%)	56 (28.9%)	1.27 (0.82, 1.97)
80.7 or above	175 (25.9%)	47 (24.2%)	0.94 (0.60, 1.47)
Meat and poultry (g/day)
<41.05	164 (24.2%)	54 (27.8%)	1
41.05–67.1	171 (25.3%)	47 (24.2%)	0.83 (0.53, 1.30)
67.2–107.2	172 (25.4%)	47 (24.2%)	0.83 (0.53, 1.30)
107.3 or above	170 (25.1%)	46 (23.7%)	0.82 (0.53, 1.29)
Vegetables (g/day)
<153.6	172 (25.4%)	46 (23.7%)	1
153.6 to <218.7	157 (23.2%)	61 (31.4%)	1.45 (0.94, 2.26)
218.7 to <313.2	176 (26.0%)	42 (21.7%)	0.89 (0.56, 1.43)
313.2 or above	172 (25.4%)	45 (23.2%)	0.98 (0.62, 1.55)

BMI, Body Mass Index; CHD, coronary heart disease; HTN, hypertension; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.

Table III.  Adjusted odds ratios for having moderate to severe LUTS in relation to putative risk factors (n = 871).

	Mean (SD)/frequency (%)
	None to mild LUTS (n = 677)	Moderate to severe LUTS (n = 194)	OR (95% CI)
Age	71.1 (4.4)	72.1 (4.4)	1.06 (1.02, 1.10)
CHD (yes/no)	76 (11.2%)	34 (17.5%)	1.65 (1.05, 2.59)
No. of drinks per week in past 12 months
None	496 (73.3%)	138 (71.1%)	1
0.1–6.9	153 (22.6%)	39 (20.1%)	1.00 (0.67, 1.50)
7 or above	28 (4.1%)	17 (8.8%)	2.51 (1.32, 4.79)
Depressed
None (0)	165 (24.4%)	33 (17.0%)	1
Very mild (1)	154 (22.8%)	41 (21.1%)	1.28 (0.77, 2.15)
Mild (2–3)	220 (32.5%)	61 (31.4%)	1.36 (0.84, 2.18)
Moderate to severe (4–15)	138 (20.4%)	59 (30.4%)	2.08 (1.28, 3.40)

CHD, coronary heart disease.